LAMBERT

lambert, francis (c. 1486-1530), protestant reformer, was the son of a papal official at avignon, where he was born between 1485 and 1487. at the age of 15 he entered the franciscan monastery at avignon, and after 1517 he was an itinerant preacher, travelling through france, italy and switzerland. his study of the scriptures shook his faith in roman catholic theology, and by 1522 he had abandoned his order, and became known to the leaders of the reformation in switzerland and germany. he did not, however, identify himself either with zwinglianism or lutheranism; he disputed with zwingli at zurich in 1522, and then made his way to eisenach and wittenberg, where he married in 1523. he returned to strassburg in 1524, being anxious to spread the doctrines of the reformation among the french-speaking population of the neighbourhood. by the germans he was distrusted, and in 1526 his activities were prohibited by the city of strassburg. he was, however, befriended by jacob sturm, who recommended him to the landgraf philip of hesse, the most liberal of the german reforming princes. with philip's encouragement he drafted that scheme of ecclesiastical reform for which he is famous. its basis was essentially democratic and congregational, though it provided for the government of the whole church by means of a synod. pastors were to be elected by the congregation, and the whole system of canon-law was repudiated. this scheme was submitted by philip to a synod at homburg; but luther intervened and persuaded the landgraf to abandon it. it was far too democratic to commend itself to the lutherans, who had by this time bound the lutheran cause to the support of princes rather than to that of the people. philip continued to favour lambert, who was appointed professor and head of the theological faculty in the landgraf's new university of marburg. patrick hamilton (q.v.), the scottish martyr, was one of his pupils; and it was at lambert's instigation that hamilton composed his _loci communes_, or _patrick's pleas_ as they were popularly called in scotland. lambert was also one of the divines who took part in the great conference of marburg in 1529; he had long wavered between the lutheran and the zwinglian view of the lord's supper, but at this conference he definitely adopted the zwinglian view. he died of the plague on the 18th of april 1530, and was buried at marburg. a catalogue of lambert's writings is given in haag's _la france protestante_. see also lives of lambert by baum (strassburg, 1840); f. w. hessencamp (elberfeld, 1860), stieve (breslau, 1867) and louis ruffet (paris, 1873); lorimer, _life of patrick hamilton_ (1857); a. l. richter, _die evangelischen kirchenordnungen des 16. jahrh_. (weimar, 1846); hessencamp, _hessische kirchenordnungen im zeitalter der reformation_; philip of _hesse's correspondence with bucer_, ed. m. lenz; lindsay, _hist. reformation_; _allgemeine deutsche biographie_. (a. f. p.)