LADISLAUS IV.

ladislaus iv., the kumanian (1262-1290), king of hungary, was the son of stephen v., whom he succeeded in 1272. from his tenth year, when he was kidnapped from his father's court by the rebellious vassals, till his assassination eighteen years later, his whole life, with one bright interval of military glory was unrelieved tragedy. his minority, 1272-1277, was an alternation of palace revolutions and civil wars, in the course of which his brave kumanian mother elizabeth barely contrived to keep the upper hand. in this terrible school ladislaus matured precociously. at fifteen he was a man, resolute, spirited, enterprising, with the germs of many talents and virtues, but rough, reckless and very imperfectly educated. he was married betimes to elizabeth of anjou, who had been brought up at the hungarian court. the marriage was a purely political one, arranged by his father and a section of the hungarian magnates to counterpoise hostile german and czech influences. during the earlier part of his reign, ladislaus obsequiously followed the direction of the neapolitan court in foreign affairs. in hungary itself a large party was in favour of the germans, but the civil wars which raged between the two factions from 1276 to 1278 did not prevent ladislaus, at the head of 20,000 magyars and kumanians, from co-operating with rudolph of habsburg in the great battle of durnkrut (august 26th, 1278), which destroyed, once for all, the empire of the premyslidae. a month later a papal legate arrived in hungary to inquire into the conduct of the king, who was accused by his neighbours, and many of his own subjects, of adopting the ways of his kumanian kinsfolk and thereby undermining christianity. ladislaus was not really a pagan, or he would not have devoted his share of the spoil of durnkrut to the building of the franciscan church at pressburg, nor would he have venerated as he did his aunt st margaret. political enmity was largely responsible for the movement against him, yet the result of a very careful investigation (1279-1281) by philip, bishop of fermo, more than justified many of the accusations brought against ladislaus. he clearly preferred the society of the semi-heathen kumanians to that of the christians; wore, and made his court wear, kumanian dress; surrounded himself with kumanian concubines, and neglected and ill-used his ill-favoured neapolitan consort. he was finally compelled to take up arms against his kumanian friends, whom he routed at hodmezo (may 1282) with fearful loss; but, previously to this, he had arrested the legate, whom he subsequently attempted to starve into submission, and his conduct generally was regarded as so unsatisfactory that, after repeated warnings, the holy see resolved to supersede him by his angevin kinsfolk, whom he had also alienated, and on the 8th of august 1288 pope nicholas iv. proclaimed a crusade against him. for the next two years all hungary was convulsed by a horrible civil war, during which the unhappy young king, who fought for his heritage to the last with desperate valour, was driven from one end of his kingdom to the other like a hunted beast. on the 25th of december 1289 he issued a manifesto to the lesser gentry, a large portion of whom sided with him, urging them to continue the struggle against the magnates and their foreign supporters; but on the 10th of july 1290 he was murdered in his camp at korosszeg by the kumanians, who never forgave him for deserting them. see karoly szabo, _ladislaus the cumanian_ (hung.), (budapest, 1886); and acsady, _history of the hungarian realm_, i. 2 (budapest, 1903). the latter is, however, too favourable to ladislaus. (r. n. b.) ladislaus v. (1440-1457), king of hungary and bohemia, the only son of albert, king of hungary, and elizabeth, daughter of the emperor sigismund, was born at komarom on the 22nd of february 1440, four months after his father's death, and was hence called ladislaus posthumus. the estates of hungary had already elected wladislaus iii. of poland their king, but ladislaus's mother caused the holy crown to be stolen from its guardians at visegrad, and compelled the primate to crown the infant king at szekesfejervar on the 15th of may 1440; whereupon, for safety's sake, she placed the child beneath the guardianship of his uncle the emperor frederick iii. on the death of wladislaus iii. (nov. 10th, 1444), ladislaus v. was elected king by the hungarian estates, though not without considerable opposition, and a deputation was sent to vienna to induce the emperor to surrender the child and the holy crown; but it was not till 1452 that frederick was compelled to relinquish both. the child was then transferred to the pernicious guardianship of his maternal grandfather ulrich cillei, who corrupted him soul and body and inspired him with a jealous hatred of the hunyadis. on the 28th of october 1453 he was crowned king of bohemia, and henceforth spent most of his time at prague and vienna. he remained supinely indifferent to the turkish peril; at the instigation of cillei did his best to hinder the defensive preparations of the great hunyadi, and fled from the country on the tidings of the siege of belgrade. on the death of hunyadi he made cillei governor of hungary at the diet of futtak (october 1456), and when that traitor paid with his life for his murderous attempt on laszlo hunyadi at belgrade, ladislaus procured the decapitation of young hunyadi (16th of march 1457), after a mock trial which raised such a storm in hungary that the king fled to prague, where he died suddenly (nov. 23rd, 1457), while making preparations for his marriage with magdalena, daughter of charles vii. of france. he is supposed to have been poisoned by his political opponents in bohemia. see f. palacky, _zeugenverhor uber den tod konig ladislaus von ungarn u. bohmen_ (prague, 1856); ignacz acsady, _history of the hungarian state_ (hung.), vol. i. (budapest, 1903).