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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:la noue:f1177220353d",
    "title": "LA NOUE",
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    "verified_text": "la noue, francois de (1531-1591), called bras-de-fer, one of the huguenot captains of the 16th century, was born near nantes in 1531, of an ancient breton family. he served in italy under marshal brissac, and in the first huguenot war, but his first great exploit was the capture of orleans at the head of only fifteen cavaliers in 1567, during the second war. at the battle of jarnac in march 1569 he commanded the rearguard, and at moncontour in the following october he was taken prisoner; but he was exchanged in time to resume the governorship of poitou, and to inflict a signal defeat on the royalist troops before rochefort. at the siege of fontenay (1570) his left arm was shattered by a bullet; but a mechanic of rochelle made him an iron arm (hence his sobriquet) with a hook for holding his reins. when peace was made in france in the same year, la noue carried his sword against the spaniards in the netherlands, but was taken at the recapture of mons by the spanish in 1572. permitted to return to france, he was commissioned by charles ix., after the massacre of st bartholomew, to reconcile the inhabitants of la rochelle, the great stronghold of the huguenots, to the king. but the rochellois were too much alarmed to come to terms; and la noue, perceiving that war was imminent, and knowing that his post was on the huguenot side, gave up his royal commission, and from 1574 till 1578 acted as general of la rochelle. when peace was again concluded la noue once more went to aid the protestants of the low countries. he took several towns and captured count egmont in 1580; but a few weeks afterwards he fell into the hands of the spaniards. thrust into a loathsome prison at limburg, la noue, the admiration of all, of whatever faith, for his gallantry, honour and purity of character, was kept confined for five years by a powerful nation, whose reluctance to set him free is one of the sincerest tributes to his reputation. it was in captivity that he wrote his celebrated _discours politiques et militaires_, a work which was published at basel in 1587 [republished at la rochelle 1590, frankfurt on main (in german) 1592 and 1612; and london (in english) 1597] and had an immense influence on the soldiers of all nations. the abiding value of la noue's \"discourses\" lies in the fact that he wrote of war as a human drama, before it had been elaborated and codified. at length, in june 1585, la noue was exchanged for egmont and other prisoners of consideration, while a heavy ransom and a pledge not to bear arms against his catholic majesty were also exacted from him. till 1589 la noue took no part in public matters, but in that year he joined henry of navarre against the leaguers. he was present at both sieges of paris, at ivry and other battles. at the siege of lamballe in brittany he received a wound of which he died at moncontour on the 4th of august 1591. he wrote, besides the discourses, _declaration pour prise d'armes et la defense de sedan et jamets_ (1588); _observations sur l'histoire de guicciardini_ (2 vols., 1592); and notes on _plutarch's lives_. his _correspondance_ was published in 1854. see _la vie de francois, seigneur de la noue_, by moyse amirault (leiden, 1661); brantome's _vies des capitaines francais_; c. vincens' _les heros de la reforme. fr. de la noue_ (1875); and hauser, _francois de la noue_ (paris, 1892). lansdowne, william petty fitzmaurice, 1st marquess of (1737-1805), british statesman, better known under his earlier title of earl of shelburne, was born at dublin on the 20th of may 1737. he was a descendant of the lords of kerry (dating from 1181), and his grandfather thomas fitzmaurice, who was created earl of kerry (1723), married the daughter of sir william petty (q.v.). on the death without issue of sir william petty's sons, the first earls of shelburne, the estates passed to his nephew john fitzmaurice (advanced in 1753 to the earldom of shelburne), who in 1751 took the additional name of petty. his son william spent his childhood \"in the remotest parts of the south of ireland,\" and, according to his own account, when he entered christ church, oxford, in 1755, he had both \"everything to learn and everything to unlearn.\" from a tutor whom he describes as \"narrow-minded\" he received advantageous guidance in his studies, but he attributes his improvement in manners and in knowledge of the world chiefly to the fact that, as was his \"fate through life,\" he fell in \"with clever but unpopular connexions.\" shortly after leaving the university he served in wolfe's regiment during the seven years' war, and so distinguished himself at minden and kloster-kampen that he was raised to the rank of colonel and appointed aide-de-camp to the king (1760). being thus brought into near communication with lord bute, he was in 1761 employed by that nobleman to negotiate for the support of henry fox, lord holland. he was returned to the house of commons as member for wycombe, but in 1761 he succeeded his father as earl of shelburne in the irish peerage, and baron wycombe in the peerage of great britain (created 1760). though he declined to take office under bute he undertook negotiations to induce c. j. fox to gain the consent of the commons to the peace of 1763. fox affirmed that he had been duped, and, although shelburne always asserted that he had acted in thorough good faith, bute spoke of the affair as a \"pious fraud.\" shelburne joined the grenville ministry in 1763 as president of the board of trade, but, failing in his efforts to replace pitt in the cabinet, he in a few months resigned office. having moreover on account of his support of pitt on the question of wilkes's expulsion from the house of commons incurred the displeasure of the king, he retired for a time to his estate. after pitt's return to power in 1766 he became secretary of state, but during pitt's illness his conciliatory policy towards america was completely thwarted by his colleagues and the king, and in 1768 he was dismissed from office. in 1782 he consented to take office under the marquess of rockingham on condition that the king would recognize the united states. on the death of lord rockingham in the same year he became premier; but the secession of fox and his supporters led to the famous coalition of fox with north, which caused his resignation in the following february, his fall being perhaps hastened by his plans for the reform of the public service. he had also in contemplation a bill to promote free commercial intercourse between england and the united states. when pitt acceded to office in 1784, shelburne, instead of receiving a place in the cabinet, was created marquess of lansdowne. though giving a general support to the policy of pitt, he from this time ceased to take an active part in public affairs. he died on the 7th of may 1805. during his lifetime he was blamed for insincerity and duplicity, and he incurred the deepest unpopularity, but the accusations came chiefly from those who were dissatisfied with his preference of principles to party, and if he had had a more unscrupulous regard to his personal ambition, his career as a statesman would have had more outward success. he was cynical in his estimates of character, but no statesman of his time possessed more enlightened political views, while his friendship with those of his contemporaries eminent in science and literature must be allowed considerable weight in qualifying our estimate of the moral defects with which he has been credited. he was twice married, first to lady sophia (1745-1771), daughter of john carteret, earl granville, through whom he obtained the lansdowne estates near bath, and secondly to lady louisa (1755-1789), daughter of john fitzpatrick, 1st earl of upper ossory. john henry petty fitzmaurice (1765-1809), his son by the first marriage, succeeded as 2nd marquess, after having sat in the house of commons for twenty years as member for chipping wycombe.",
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