{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:kipling:3dea63aab7f3",
    "title": "KIPLING",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "4e791ef6795cff8ab6bfa51d9ea84aa9c0d58646123f9feee0160c65e4f6516a",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "kipling, rudyard (1865- ), british author, was born in bombay on the 30th of december 1865. his father, john lockwood kipling (1837-1911), an artist of considerable ability, was from 1875 to 1893 curator of the lahore museum in india. his mother was miss alice macdonald of birmingham, two of whose sisters were married respectively to sir e. burne-jones and sir edward poynter. he was educated at the united services college, westward ho, north devon, of which a somewhat lurid account is given in his story _stalky and co._ on his return to india he became at the age of seventeen the sub-editor of the lahore _civil and military gazette_. in 1886, in his twenty-first year, he published _departmental ditties_, a volume of light verse chiefly satirical, only in two or three poems giving promise of his authentic poetical note. in 1887 he published _plain tales from the hills_, a collection mainly of the stories contributed to his own journal. during the next two years he brought out, in six slim paper-covered volumes of wheeler's railway library (allahabad), _soldiers three_, _the story of the gadsbys_, _in black and white_, _under the deodars_, _the phantom 'rickshaw_ and _wee willie winkee_, at a rupee apiece. these were in form and substance a continuation of the _plain tales_. this series of tales, all written before the author was twenty-four, revealed a new master of fiction. a few, but those the best, he afterwards said that his father gave him. the rest were the harvest of his own powers of observation vitalized by imagination. in method they owed something to bret harte; in matter and spirit they were absolutely original. they were unequal, as his books continued to be throughout; the sketches of anglo-indian social life being generally inferior to the rest. the style was to some extent disfigured by jerkiness and mannered tricks. but mr kipling possessed the supreme spell of the story-teller to entrance and transport. the freshness of the invention, the variety of character, the vigour of narrative, the raciness of dialogue, the magic of atmosphere, were alike remarkable. the soldier-stories, especially the exuberant vitality of the cycle which contains the immortal mulvaney, established the author's fame throughout the world. the child-stories and tales of the british official were not less masterly, while the tales of native life and of adventure \"beyond the pale\" disclosed an even finer and deeper vein of romance. india, which had been an old story for generations of englishmen, was revealed in these brilliant pictures as if seen for the first time in its variety, colour and passion, vivid as mirage, enchanting as the _arabian nights_. the new author's talent was quickly recognized in india, but it was not till the books reached england that his true rank was appreciated and proclaimed. between 1887 and 1889 he travelled through india, china, japan and america, finally arriving in england to find himself already famous. his travel sketches, contributed to _the civil and military gazette_ and _the pioneer_, were afterwards collected (the author's hand having been forced by unauthorized publication) in the two volumes _from sea to sea_ (1899). a further set of indian tales, equal to the best, appeared in _macmillan's magazine_ and were republished with others in _life's handicap_ (1891). in _the light that failed_ (1891, after appearing with a different ending in _lippincott's magazine_) mr kipling essayed his first long story (dramatized 1905), but with comparative unsuccess. in his subsequent work his delight in the display of descriptive and verbal technicalities grew on him. his polemic against \"the sheltered life\" and \"little englandism\" became more didactic. his terseness sometimes degenerated into abruptness and obscurity. but in the meanwhile his genius became prominent in verse. readers of the _plain tales_ had been impressed by the snatches of poetry prefixed to them for motto, certain of them being subscribed \"barrack room ballad.\" mr kipling now contributed to the _national observer_, then edited by w. e. henley, a series of _barrack room ballads_. these vigorous verses in soldier slang, when published in a book in 1892, together with the fine ballad of \"east and west\" and other poems, won for their author a second fame, wider than he had attained as a story-teller. in this volume the ballads of the \"bolivar\" and of the \"clampherdown,\" introducing mr kipling's poetry of the ocean and the engine-room, and \"the flag of england,\" finding a voice for the imperial sentiment, which--largely under the influence of mr kipling's own writings--had been rapidly gaining force in england, gave the key-note of much of his later verse. in 1898 mr kipling paid the first of several visits to south africa and became imbued with a type of imperialism that reacted on his literature, not altogether to its advantage. before finally settling in england mr kipling lived some years in america and married in 1892 miss caroline starr balestier, sister of the wolcott balestier to whom he dedicated _barrack room ballads_, and with whom in collaboration he wrote the _naulahka_ (1891), one of his less successful books. the next collection of stories, _many inventions_ (1893), contained the splendid mulvaney extravaganza, \"my lord the elephant\"; a vividly realized tale of metempsychosis, \"the finest story in the world\"; and in that fascinating tale \"in the rukh,\" the prelude to the next new exhibition of the author's genius. this came in 1894 with _the jungle book_, followed in 1895 by _the second jungle book_. with these inspired beast-stories kipling conquered a new world and a new audience, and produced what many critics regard as his most flawless work. his chief subsequent publications were _the seven seas_ (poems), 1896; _captains courageous_ (a yarn of deep-sea fishery), 1897; _the day's work_ (collected stories), 1898; _a fleet in being_ (an account of a cruise in a man-of-war), 1898; _stalky and co._ (mentioned above), 1899; _from sea to sea_ (mentioned above), 1899; _kim_, 1901; _just so stories_ (for children), 1902; _the five nations_ (poems, concluding with what proved mr kipling's most universally known and popular poem, \"recessional,\" originally published in _the times_ on the 17th of july 1897 on the occasion of queen victoria's second jubilee), 1903; _traffics and discoveries_ (collected stories), 1904; _puck of pook's hill_ (stories), 1906; _actions and reactions_ (stories), 1909. of these _kim_ was notable as far the most successful of mr kipling's longer narratives, though it is itself rather in the nature of a string of episodes. but everything he wrote, even to a farcical extravaganza inspired by his enthusiasm for the motor-car, breathed the meteoric energy that was the nature of the man. a vigorous and unconventional poet, a pioneer in the modern phase of literary imperialism, and one of the rare masters in english prose of the art of the short story, mr kipling had already by the opening of the 20th century won the most conspicuous place among the creative literary forces of his day. his position in english literature was recognized in 1907 by the award to him of the nobel prize. see rudyard kipling's chapter in _my first book_ (chatto, 1894); \"a bibliography of rudyard kipling,\" by john lane, in _rudyard kipling: a criticism_, by richard de gallienne; \"mr kipling's short stories\" in _questions at issue_, by edmund gosse (1893); \"mr kipling's stories\" in _essays in little_, by andrew lang; \"mr kipling's stories,\" by j. m. barrie in the _contemporary review_ (march 1891); articles in the _quarterly review_ (july 1892) and _edinburgh review_ (jan. 1898); and section on kipling in _poets of the younger generation_, by william archer (1902). see also for bibliography to 1903 _english illustrated magazine_, new series, vol. xxx. pp. 298 and 429-432. (w. p. j.)",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:43:13",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "4e791ef6795cff8ab6bfa51d9ea84aa9c0d58646123f9feee0160c65e4f6516a"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}