KIERKEGAARD

kierkegaard, soren aaby (1813-1855), danish philosopher, the seventh child of a jutland hosier, was born in copenhagen on the 5th of may 1813. as a boy he was delicate, precocious and morbid in temperament. he studied theology at the university of copenhagen, where he graduated in 1840 with a treatise _on irony_. for two years he travelled in germany, and in 1842 settled finally in copenhagen, where he died on the 11th of november 1855. he had lived in studious retirement, subject to physical suffering and mental depression. his first volume, _papers of a still living man_ (1838), a characterization of hans andersen, was a failure, and he was for some time unnoticed. in 1843 he published _euten--eller_ (_either--or_) (4th ed., 1878), the work on which his reputation mainly rests; it is a discussion of the ethical and aesthetic ideas of life. in his last years he carried on a feverish agitation against the theology and practice of the state church, on the ground that religion is for the individual soul, and is to be separated absolutely from the state and the world. in general his philosophy was a reaction against the speculative thinkers--steffens (q.v.), niels treschow (1751-1833) and frederik christian sibbern (1785-1872); it was based on the absolute dualism of faith and knowledge. his chief follower was rasmus nielsen (1809-1884) and he was opposed by georg brandes, who wrote a brilliant account of his life and works. as a dialectician he has been described as little inferior to plato, and his influence on the literature of denmark is considerable both in style and in matter. to him ibsen owed his character brand in the drama of that name. see his posthumous autobiographical sketch, _syns punktetfor min forfattervirksomhed_ ("standpoint of my literary work"); georg brandes, _soren kierkegaard_ (copenhagen, 1877); a. barthold, _noten zu k.'s lebensgeschichte_ (halle, 1876), _die bedeutung der asthetischen schriften s. kierkegaarde_ (halle, 1879) and _s. k.'s personlichkeit in ihrer verwirklichung der ideale_ (gutersloh, 1886); f. petersen, _s. k.'s christendomsforkyndelae_ (christiania, 1877). for kierkegaard's relation to recent danish thought, see hoffding's _archiv fur geschichte der philosophie_ (1888), vol. ii.