KHERSON

kherson, a town of south russia, capital of the above government, on a hill above the right bank of the dnieper, about 19 m. from its mouth. founded by the courtier potemkin in 1778 as a naval station and seaport, it had become by 1786 a place of 10,000 inhabitants, and, although its progress was checked by the rise of odessa and the removal (in 1794) of the naval establishments to nikolayev, it had in 1900 a population of 73,185. the dnieper at this point breaks into several arms, forming islands overgrown with reeds and bushes; and vessels of burden must anchor at stanislavskoe-selo, a good way down the stream. of the traffic on the river the largest share is due to the timber, wool, cereals, cattle and hides trade; wool-dressing, soap-boiling, tallow-melting, brewing, flour-milling and the manufacture of tobacco are the chief industries. kherson is a substantially built and regular town. the cathedral is the burial-place of potemkin, and near kherson lie the remains of john howard, the english philanthropist, who died here in 1790. the fortifications have fallen into decay. the name kherson was given to the town from the supposition that the site was formerly that of chersonesus heracleotica, the greek city founded by the dorians of heraclea. khevenhuller, ludwig andreas (1683-1744), austrian field-marshal, count of aschelberg-frankenburg, came of a noble family, which, originally franconian, settled in carinthia in the 11th century. he first saw active service under prince eugene in the war of the spanish succession, and by 1716 had risen to the command of prince eugene's own regiment of dragoons. he distinguished himself greatly at the battles of peterwardein and belgrade, and became in 1723 major-general of cavalry (_general-wachtmeister_), in 1726 proprietary colonel of a regiment and in 1733 lieutenant field marshal. in 1734 the war of the polish succession brought him into the field again. he was present at the battle of parma (june 29), where count mercy, the austrian commander, was killed, and after mercy's death he held the chief command of the army in italy till field marshal konigsegg's arrival. under konigsegg he again distinguished himself at the battle of guastalla (september 19). he was once more in command during the operations which followed the battle, and his skilful generalship won for him the grade of general of cavalry. he continued in military and diplomatic employment in italy to the close of the war. in 1737 he was made field marshal, prince eugene recommending him to his sovereign as the best general in the service. his chief exploit in the turkish war, which soon followed his promotion, was at radojevatz (september 28, 1737), where he cut his way through a greatly superior turkish army. it was in the austrian succession war that his most brilliant work was done. as commander-in-chief of the army on the danube he not only drove out the french and bavarian invaders of austria in a few days of rapid marching and sharp engagements (january, 1742), but overran southern bavaria, captured munich, and forced a large french corps in linz to surrender. later in the summer of 1742, owing to the inadequate forces at his disposal, he had to evacuate his conquests, but in the following campaign, though now subordinated to prince charles of lorraine, khevenhuller reconquered southern bavaria, and forced the emperor in june to conclude the unfavourable convention of nieder-schonfeld. he disapproved the advance beyond the rhine which followed these successes, and the event justified his fears, for the austrians had to fall back from the rhine through franconia and the breisgau, khevenhuller himself conducting the retreat with admirable skill. on his return to vienna, maria theresa decorated the field marshal with the order of the golden fleece. he died suddenly at vienna on the 26th of january 1744. he was the author of various instructional works for officers and soldiers (_des g. f. m. grafen v. khevenhuller observationspunkte fur sein dragoner-regiment_ (1734 and 1748) and a _reglement_ for the infantry (1737), and of an important work on war in general, _kurzer begriff aller militarischen operationen_ (vienna, 1756; french version, _maximes de guerre_, paris, 1771).