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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:kerala:f91d9987b602",
    "title": "KERALA",
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    "verified_text": "kerala, or chera, the name of one of the three ancient dravidian kingdoms of the tamil country of southern india, the other two being the chola and the pandya. its original territory comprised the country now contained in the malabar district, with travancore and cochin, and later the country included in the coimbatore district and a part of salem. the boundaries, however, naturally varied much from time to time. the earliest references to this kingdom appear in the edicts of asoka, where it is called _keralaputra_ (i.e. son of kerala), a name which in a slightly corrupt form is known to pliny and the author of the _periplus_. there is evidence of a lively trade carried on by sea with the roman empire in the early centuries of the christian era, but of the political history of the kerala kingdom nothing is known beyond a list of rajas compiled from inscriptions, until in the 10th century the struggle began with the cholas, by whom it was conquered and held till their overthrow by the mahommedans in 1310. these in their turn were driven out by a hindu confederation headed by the chiefs of vijayanagar, and kerala was absorbed in the vijayanagar empire until its destruction by the mahommedans in 1565. for about 80 years it seems to have preserved a precarious independence under the naiks of madura, but in 1640 was conquered by the adil shah dynasty of bijapur and in 1652 seized by the king of mysore. see v. a. smith, _early hist. of india_, chap. xvi. (2nd ed., oxford, 1908). kerasund (anc. _choerades_, _pharnacia_, _cerasus_), a town on the n. coast of asia minor, in the trebizond vilayet, and the port--an exposed roadstead--of kara-hissar sharki, with which it is connected by a carriage road. pop. just under 10,000, moslems being in a slight minority. the town is situated on a rocky promontory, crowned by a byzantine fortress, and has a growing trade. it exports filberts (for which product it is the centre), walnuts, hides and timber. cerasus was the place from which the wild cherry was introduced into italy by lucullus and so to europe (hence fr. _cerise_, \"cherry\"). keratry, auguste hilarion, comte de (1769-1859), french writer and politician, was born at rennes on the 28th of december 1769. coming to paris in 1790, he associated himself with bernardin de st pierre. after being twice imprisoned during the terror he retired to brittany, where he devoted himself to literature till 1814. in 1818 he returned to paris as deputy for finistere, and sat in the chamber till 1824, becoming one of the recognized liberal leaders. he was re-elected in 1827, took an active part in the establishment of the july monarchy, was appointed a councillor of state (1830), and in 1837 was made a peer of france. after the _coup d'etat_ of 1851 he retired from public life. among his publications were _contes et idylles_ (1791); _lysus et cydippe_, a poem (1801); _inductions morales et physiologiques_ (1817); _documents pour servir a l'histoire de france_ (1820); _du beau dans les arts d'imitation_ (1822); _le dernier des beaumanoir_ (1824). his last work, _clarisse_ (1854), a novel, was written when he was eighty-five. he died at port-marly on the 7th of november 1859. his son, comte emile de keratry (1832- ), became deputy for finistere in 1869, and strongly supported the war with germany in 1870. he was in paris during part of the siege, but escaped in a balloon, and joined gambetta. in 1871 thiers appointed him to the prefecture, first of the haute-garonne, and subsequently of the bouches-du-rhone, but he resigned in the following year. he is the author of _la contre-guerilla francaise au mexique_ (1868); _l'elevation et la chute de l'empereur maximilien_ (1867); _le quatre-septembre et le gouvernement de la defense nationale_ (1872); _mourad v._ (1878), and some volumes of memories.",
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