KEEP

keep, robert porter (1844-1904), american scholar, was born in farmington, connecticut, on the 26th of april 1844. he graduated at yale in 1865, was instructor there for two years, was united states consul at the piraeus in greece in 1869-1871, taught greek in williston seminary, easthampton, massachusetts, in 1876-1885, and was principal of norwich free academy, norwich, conn., from 1885 to 1903, the school owing its prosperity to him hardly less than to its founders. in 1903 he took charge of miss porter's school for girls at farmington, conn., founded in 1844 and long controlled by his aunt, sarah porter. he died in farmington on the 3rd of june 1904. keep (corresponding to the french _donjon_), in architecture the inmost and strongest part of a medieval castle, answering to the citadel of modern times. the arrangement is said to have originated with gundulf, bishop of rochester (d. 1108), architect of the white tower. the norman keep is generally a very massive square tower. there is generally a well in a medieval keep, ingeniously concealed in the thickness of a wall or in a pillar. the most celebrated keeps of norman times in england are the white tower in london, those at rochester arundel and newcastle, castle hedingham, &c. when the keep was circular, as at conisborough and windsor, it was called a "shell-keep" (see castle). the verb "to keep," from which the noun with its particular meaning here treated was formed, appears in o.e. as _cepan_, of which the derivation is unknown; no words related to it are found in cognate languages. the earliest meaning (c. 1000) appears to have been to lay hold of, to seize, from which its common uses of to guard, observe, retain possession of, have developed.