JUXON

juxon, william (1582-1663), english prelate, was the son of robert juxon and was born probably at chichester, being educated at merchant taylors' school, london, and at st john's college, oxford, where he was elected to a scholarship in 1598. he studied law at oxford, but afterwards he took holy orders, and in 1609 became vicar of st giles, oxford, a living which he retained until he became rector of somerton, oxfordshire, in 1615. in december 1621 he succeeded his friend, william laud, as president of st john's college, and in 1626 and 1627 he was vice-chancellor of the university. juxon soon obtained other important positions, including that of chaplain-in-ordinary to charles i. in 1627 he was made dean of worcester and in 1632 he was nominated to the bishopric of hereford, an event which led him to resign the presidency of st john's in january 1633. however, he never took up his episcopal duties at hereford, as in october 1633 he was consecrated bishop of london in succession to laud. he appears to have been an excellent bishop, and in march 1636 charles i. entrusted him with important secular duties by making him lord high treasurer of england; thus for the next five years he was dealing with the many financial and other difficulties which beset the king and his advisers. he resigned the treasurership in may 1641. during the civil war the bishop, against whom no charges were brought in parliament, lived undisturbed at fulham palace, and his advice was often sought by the king, who had a very high opinion of him, and who at his execution selected him to be with him on the scaffold and to administer to him the last consolations of religion. juxon was deprived of his bishopric in 1649 and retired to little compton in gloucestershire, where he had bought an estate, and here he became famous as the owner of a pack of hounds. at the restoration of charles ii. he became archbishop of canterbury and in his official capacity he took part in the coronation of this king, but his health soon began to fail and he died at lambeth on the 4th of june 1663. by his will the archbishop was a benefactor to st john's college, where he was buried; he also aided the work of restoring st paul's cathedral and rebuilt the great hall at lambeth palace. see w. h. marah, _memoirs of archbishop juxon and his times_ (1869); the best authority for the archbishop's life is the article by w. h. hutton in the _dict. nat. biog._ (1892). k the eleventh letter in the phoenician alphabet and in its descendant greek, the tenth in latin owing to the omission of teth (see i), and once more the eleventh in the alphabets of western europe owing to the insertion of j. in its long history the shape of k has changed very little. it is on the inscription of the moabite stone (early 9th cent. b.c.) in the form (written from right to left) of [symbol] and [symbol]. similar forms are also found in early aramaic, but another form [symbol] or [symbol], which is found in the phoenician of cyprus in the 9th or 10th century b.c. has had more effect upon the later development of the semitic forms. the length of the two back strokes and the manner in which they join the upright are the only variations in greek. in various places the back strokes, treated as an angle <, become more rounded (, so that the letter appears as k, a form which in latin probably affected the development of c (q.v.). in crete it is elaborated into [symbol] and [symbol]. in latin k, which is found in the earliest inscriptions, was soon replaced by c, and survived only in the abbreviations for _kalendae_ and the proper name _kaeso_. the original name kaph became in greek _kappa_. the sound of k throughout has been that of the unvoiced guttural, varying to some extent in its pronunciation according to the nature of the vowel sound which followed it. in anglo-saxon c replaced k through latin influence, writing being almost entirely in the hands of ecclesiastics. as the sound-changes have been discussed under c it is necessary here only to refer to the palatalization of k followed earlier by a final _e_ as in _watch_ (middle english _wacche_, anglo-saxon _waecce_) by the side of _wake_ (m.e. _waken_, a.-s. _wacan_); batch, bake, &c. sometimes an older form of the substantive survives, as in the elizabethan and northern _make_ = _mate_ alongside _match_. (p. gi.)