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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:jourdan:1246c17a49e0",
    "title": "JOURDAN",
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    "verified_text": "jourdan, jean baptiste, count (1762-1833), marshal of france, was born at limoges on the 29th of april 1762, and in his boyhood was apprenticed to a silk merchant of lyons. in 1776 he enlisted in a french regiment to serve in the american war of independence, and after being invalided in 1784 he married and set up in business at limoges. at the outbreak of the revolutionary wars he volunteered, and as a subaltern took part in the first campaigns in the north of france. his rise was even more rapid than that of hoche and marceau. by 1793 he had become a general of division, and was selected by carnot to succeed houchard as commander-in-chief of the army of the north; and on the 15th-16th of october 1793 he won the brilliant and important victory of wattignies (see french revolutionary wars). soon afterwards he became a \"suspect,\" the moderation of his political opinions and his misgivings as to the future conduct of the war being equally distasteful to the truculent and enthusiastic committee of public safety. warned in time by his friend carnot and by barere, he avoided arrest and resumed his business as a silk-mercer in limoges. he was soon reinstated, and early in 1794 was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of sambre-et-meuse. after repeated attempts to force the passage of the sambre had failed and several severe general actions had been fought without result, jourdan and his army were discouraged, but carnot and the civil commissioners urged the general, even with threats, to a last effort, and this time he was successful not only in crossing the sambre but in winning a brilliant victory at fleurus (june 26, 1794), the consequence of which was the extension of the french sphere of influence to the rhine, on which river he waged an indecisive campaign in 1795. in 1796 his army formed the left wing of the advance into bavaria. the whole of the french forces were ordered to advance on vienna, jourdan on the extreme left and moreau in the centre by the danube valley, bonaparte on the right by italy and styria. the campaign began brilliantly, the austrians under the archduke charles being driven back by moreau and jourdan almost to the austrian frontier. but the archduke, slipping away from moreau, threw his whole weight on jourdan, who was defeated at amberg and wurzburg, and forced over the rhine after a severe rearguard action, which cost the life of marceau. moreau had to fall back in turn, and, apart from bonaparte's marvellous campaign in italy, the operations of the year were disastrous. the chief cause of failure was the vicious plan of campaign imposed upon the generals by their government. jourdan was nevertheless made the scapegoat of the government's mistakes and was not employed for two years. in those years he became prominent as a politician and above all as the framer of the famous conscription law of 1798. when the war was renewed in 1799 jourdan was placed at the head of the army on the rhine, but again underwent defeat at the hands of the archduke charles at stockach (march 25), and, disappointed and broken in health, handed over the command to massena. he at once resumed his political duties, and was a prominent opponent of the _coup d'etat_ of 18 brumaire, after which he was expelled from the council of the five hundred. soon, however, he became formally reconciled to the new regime, and accepted from napoleon fresh military and civil employment. in 1800 he became inspector-general of cavalry and infantry and representative of french interests in the cisalpine republic, and in 1804 he was made a marshal of france. he remained in the new kingdom of italy until 1806, when joseph bonaparte, whom his brother made king of naples in that year, selected jourdan as his military adviser. he followed joseph into spain in the same capacity in 1808. but joseph's throne had to be maintained by the french army, and throughout the peninsular war the other marshals, who depended directly upon napoleon, paid little heed either to joseph or to jourdan. after the battle of vitoria he held no important command up to the fall of the empire. jourdan gave in his adhesion to the restoration government of 1814, and though he rejoined napoleon in the hundred days and commanded a minor army, he submitted to the bourbons again after waterloo. he refused, however, to be a member of the court which tried marshal ney. he was made a count, a peer of france (1819), and governor of grenoble (1816). in politics he was a prominent opponent of the royalist reactionaries and supported the revolution of 1830. after this event he held the portfolio of foreign affairs for a few days, and then became governor of the invalides, where his last years were spent. marshal jourdan died on the 23rd of november 1833, and was buried in the invalides. he wrote _operations de l'armee du danube_ (1799); _memoires pour servir a l'histoire sur la campagne de 1796_ (1819); and unpublished personal memoirs. journal (through fr. from late lat. _diurnalis_, daily), a daily record of events or business. a private journal is usually an elaborated diary. when applied to a newspaper or other periodical the word is strictly used of one published each day; but any publication issued at stated intervals, such as a magazine or the record of the transactions of a learned society, is commonly called a journal. the word \"journalist\" for one whose business is writing for the public press (see newspapers) seems to be as old as the end of the 17th century. \"journal\" is particularly applied to the record, day by day, of the business and proceedings of a public body. the journals of the british houses of parliament contain an official record of the business transacted day by day in either house. the record does not take note of speeches, though some of the earlier volumes contain references to them. the journals are a lengthened account written from the \"votes and proceedings\" (in the house of lords called \"minutes of the proceedings\"), made day by day by the assistant clerks, and printed on the responsibility of the clerk to the house, after submission to the \"subcommittee on the journals.\" in the commons the journal is passed by the speaker before publication. the journals of the house of commons begin in the first year of the reign of edward vi. (1547), and are complete, except for a short interval under elizabeth. those of the house of lords date from the first year of henry viii. (1509). before that date the proceedings in parliament were entered in the rolls of parliament, which extend from 1278 to 1503. the journals of the lords are \"records\" in the judicial sense, those of the commons are not (see erskine may, _parliamentary practice_, 1906, pp. 201-202). the term \"journal\" is used, in business, for a book in which an account of transactions is kept previous to a transfer to the ledger (see book-keeping), and also as an equivalent to a ship's log, as a record of the daily run, observations, weather changes, &c. in mining, a journal is a record describing the various strata passed through in sinking a shaft. a particular use of the word is that, in machinery, for the parts of a shaft which are in contact with the bearings; the origin of this meaning, which is firmly established, has not been explained. journey (through o. fr. _jornee_ or _journee_, mod. fr. _journee_, from med. lat. _diurnata_, lat. _diurnus_, of or belonging to _dies_, day), properly that which occupies a day in its performance, and so a day's work, particularly a day's travel, and the distance covered by such, usually reckoned in the middle ages as twenty miles. the word is now used of travel covering a certain amount of distance or lasting a certain amount of time, frequently defined by qualifying words. \"journey\" is usually applied to travel by land, as opposed to \"voyage,\" travel by sea. the early use of \"journey\" for a day's work, or the amount produced by a day's work, is still found in glassmaking, and also at the british mint, where a \"journey\" is taken as equivalent to the coinage of 15 lb. of standard gold, 701 sovereigns, and of 60 lb. of silver. the term \"journeyman\" also preserves the original significance of the word. it distinguishes a qualified workman or mechanic from an \"apprentice\" on the one hand and a \"master\" on the other, and is applied to one who is employed by another person to work at his trade or occupation at a day's wage.",
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