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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "JOSEPH",
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    "verified_text": "joseph, in the new testament, the husband of mary, the mother of jesus. he is represented as a descendant of the house of david, and his genealogy appears in two divergent forms in matt. i. 1-17 and luke iii. 23-38. the latter is probably much more complete and accurate in details. the former, obviously artificial in structure (notice 3 × 14 generations), traces the davidic descent through kings, and is governed by an apologetic purpose. of joseph's personal history practically nothing is recorded in the bible. the facts concerning him common to the two birth-narratives (matt. i.-ii.; luke i.-ii.) are: (a) that he was a descendant of david, (b) that mary was already betrothed to him when she was found with child of the holy ghost, and (c) that he lived at nazareth after the birth of christ; but these facts are handled differently in each case. it is noticeable that, in matthew, joseph is prominent (e.g. he receives an annunciation from an angel), while in luke's narrative he is completely subordinated. bp gore (_the incarnation_, bampton lecture for 1891, p. 78) points out that matthew narrates everything from joseph's side, luke from mary's, and infers that the narrative of the former may ultimately be based on joseph's account, that of the latter on mary's. the narratives seem to have been current (in a poetical form) among the early jewish-christian community of palestine. at nazareth joseph followed the trade of a carpenter (matt. xiii. 55). it is probable that he had died before the public ministry of christ; for no mention is made of him in passages relating to this period where the mother and brethren of jesus are introduced; and from john xix. 26 it is clear that he was not alive at the time of the crucifixion. joseph was the father of several children (matt. xiii. 55), but according to ecclesiastical tradition by a former marriage. the reading of matt. i. 16, in the sinaitic palimpsest (_joseph ... begat jesus, who is called the christ_) also makes him the natural father of jesus, and this was the view of certain early heretical sects, but it seems never to have been held in orthodox christian circles. according to various apocryphal gospels (conveniently collected in b. h. cowper's _the apocryphal gospels_, 1881), when married to mary he was a widower already 80 years of age, and the father of four sons and two daughters; his first wife's name was salome and she was a connexion of the family of john the baptist. in the roman catholic church the 19th of march has since 1642 been a feast in joseph's honour. two other festivals in his honour have also been established (the patronage of st joseph, 3rd sunday after easter, and the betrothal of mary and joseph, 23rd of january). in december 1870 st joseph was proclaimed patron of the whole church. (g. h. bo.) joseph of arimathaea,[1] in the new testament, a wealthy jew who had been converted by jesus christ. he is mentioned by the four evangelists, who are in substantial agreement concerning him: after the crucifixion he went to pilate and asked for the body of jesus, subsequently prepared it for burial and laid it in a tomb. there are, however, minor differences in the accounts, which have given rise to controversy. matthew (xxvii. 60) says that the tomb was joseph's own; mark (xv. 43 seq.), luke (xxiii. 50 seq.) say nothing of this, while john (xix. 41) simply says that the body was laid in a sepulchre \"nigh at hand.\" both mark and luke say that joseph was a \"councillor\" ([greek: euschemon bouleutes], mark xv. 43), and the gospel of peter describes him as a \"friend of pilate and of the lord.\" this last statement is probably a late invention, and there is considerable difficulty as to \"councillor.\" that joseph was a member of the sanhedrin is improbable. luke indeed, regarding him as such, says that he \"had not consented to their counsel and deed,\" but mark (xiv. 64) says that _all_ the sanhedrin \"condemned him to be worthy of death.\" perhaps the phrase \"noble councillor\" is intended to imply merely a man of wealth and position. again matthew says that joseph was a disciple, while mark implies that he was not yet among the definite adherents of christ, and john describes him as an adherent \"secretly for fear of the jews.\" most likely he was a disciple, but belonged only to the wider circle of adherents. the account given in the fourth gospel suggests that the writer, faced with these various difficulties, assumed a double tradition: (1) that joseph of arimathaea, a wealthy disciple, buried the body of christ; (2) that the person in question was joseph of arimathaea a \"councillor,\" and solved the problem by substituting nicodemus as the councillor; hence he describes both joseph and nicodemus (xix. 39) as co-operating in the burial. some critics (e.g. strauss, _new life of jesus_, ch. 96) have thrown doubt upon the story, regarding some of the details as invented to suit the prophecy in isa. liii. 9, \"they made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death\" (for various translations, see hastings's _dict. bible_, ii. 778). but in the absence of any reference to this prophecy in the gospels, this view is unconvincing, though the correspondence is remarkable. the striking character of this single appearance of joseph of arimathaea led to the rise of numerous legends. thus william of malmesbury says that he was sent to britain by st philip, and, having received a small island in somersetshire, there constructed \"with twisted twigs\" the first christian church in britain--afterwards to become the abbey of glastonbury. the legend says that his staff, planted in the ground, became a thorn flowering twice a year (see glastonbury). this tradition--which is given only as such by malmesbury himself--is not confirmed, and there is no mention of it in either gildas or bede. joseph also plays a large part in the various versions of the legend of the holy grail (see grail, the holy). footnote: [1] generally identified with ramathaim-zophim, the city of elkanah in the hilly district of ephraim (1 sam. i. 1), near diospolis (lydda). see euseb., _onomasticon_, 225. 12. joseph i. (1678-1711), roman emperor, was the elder son of the emperor leopold i. and his third wife, eleanora, countess palatine, daughter of philip william of neuburg. born in vienna on the 26th of july 1678, he was educated strictly by prince dietrich otto von salm, and became a good linguist. in 1687 he received the crown of hungary, and he was elected king of the romans in 1690. in 1699 he married wilhelmina amalia, daughter of duke frederick of brunswick-luneburg, by whom he had two daughters. in 1702, on the outbreak of the war of the spanish succession, he saw his only military service. he joined the imperial general louis of baden in the siege of landau. it is said that when he was advised not to go into a place of danger he replied that those who were afraid might retire. he succeeded his father as emperor in 1705, and it was his good fortune to govern the austrian dominions, and to be head of the empire during the years in which his trusted general prince eugene, either acting alone in italy or with the duke of marlborough in germany and flanders, was beating the armies of louis xiv. during the whole of his reign hungary was disturbed by the conflict with francis rackoczy ii., who eventually took refuge in france. the emperor did not himself take the field against the rebels, but he is entitled to a large share of the credit for the restoration of his authority. he reversed many of the pedantically authoritative measures of his father, thus placating all opponents who could be pacified, and he fought stoutly for what he believed to be his rights. joseph showed himself very independent towards the pope, and hostile to the jesuits, by whom his father had been much influenced. he had the tastes for art and music which were almost hereditary in his family, and was an active hunter. he began the attempts to settle the question of the austrian inheritance by a pragmatic sanction, which were continued by his brother charles vi. joseph died in vienna on the 17th of april 1711, of small-pox. see f. krones von marchland, _grundriss der oesterreichischen geschichte_ (1882); f. wagner, _historia josephi caesaris_ (1746); j. c. herchenhahn, _geschichte der regierung kaiser josephs i._ (1786-1789); c. van noorden, _europaische geschichte im 18. jahrhundert_ (1870-1882). joseph ii. (1741-1790), roman emperor, eldest son of the empress maria theresa and her husband francis i., was born on the 13th of march 1741, in the first stress of the war of the austrian succession. maria theresa gave orders that he was only to be taught as if he were amusing himself; the result was that he acquired a habit of crude and superficial study. his real education was given him by the writings of voltaire and the encyclopaedists, and by the example of frederick the great. his useful training was conferred by government officials, who were directed to instruct him in the mechanical details of the administration of the numerous states composing the austrian dominions and the empire. in 1761 he was made a member of the newly constituted council of state (_staatsrath_) and began to draw up minutes, to which he gave the name of \"reveries,\" for his mother to read. these papers contain the germs of his later policy, and of all the disasters which finally overtook him. he was a friend to religious toleration, anxious to reduce the power of the church, to relieve the peasantry of feudal burdens, and to remove restrictions on trade and on knowledge. so far he did not differ from frederick, catherine of russia or his own brother and successor leopold",
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