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    "verified_text": "jordan, wilhelm (1819-1904), german poet and novelist, was born at insterburg in east prussia on the 8th of february 1819. he studied, first theology and then philosophy and natural science, at the universities of konigsberg and berlin. he settled in leipzig as a journalist; but the democratic views expressed in some essays and the volumes of poems _glocke und kanone_ (1481) and _irdische phantasien_ (1842) led to his expulsion from saxony in 1846. he next engaged in literary and tutorial work in bremen, and on the outbreak of the revolution, in february 1848, was sent to paris, as correspondent of the _bremer zeitung_. he almost immediately, however, returned to germany and, throwing himself into the political fray in berlin, was elected member for freienwalde, in the first german parliament at frankfort-on-main. for a short while he sided with the left, but soon joined the party of von gagern. on a vote having been passed for the establishment of a german navy, he was appointed secretary of the committee to deal with the whole question, and was subsequently made ministerial councillor (_ministerialrat_) in the naval department of the government. the naval project was abandoned, jordan was pensioned and afterwards resided at frankfort-on-main until his death on the 25th of june 1904, devoting himself to literary work, acting as his own publisher, and producing numerous poems, novels, dramas and translations. among his best known works are: _demiurgos_ (3 vols., 1852-1854), a \"mysterium,\" in which he attempted to deal with the problems of human existence, but the work found little favour; _nibelunge_, an epic poem in alliterative verse, in two parts, (1) _sigfnedsage_ (1867-1868; 13th ed. 1889) and (2) _hildebrants heimkehr_ (1874; 10th ed. 1892)--in the first part he is regarded as having been remarkably successful; a tragedy, _die wittwe des agis_ (1858); the comedies, _die liebesleugner_ (1855) and _durchs ohr_ (1870; 6th ed. 1885); and the novels _die sebalds_ (1885) and _zwei wiegen_ (1887). jordan also published numerous translations, notably _homers odyssee_ (1876; 2nd ed. 1889) and _homers ilias_ (1881; 2nd ed. 1894); _die edda_ (1889). he was also distinguished as a reciter, and on a visit to the united states in 1871 read extracts from his works before large audiences. jordan (the down-comer; arab. _esh-sheri'a_, the watering-place), the only river of palestine and one of the most remarkable in the world. it flows from north to south in a deep trough-like valley, the aulon of the greeks and ghor of the arabs, which is usually believed to follow the line of a fault or fracture of the earth's crust. most geologists hold that the valley is part of an old sea-bed, traces of which remain in numerous shingle-banks and beach-levels. this, they say, once extended to the red sea and even over n.e. africa. shrinkage caused the pelagic limestone bottom to be upheaved in two ridges, between which occurred a long fracture, which can now be traced from coelesyria down the wadi araba to the gulf of akaba. the jordan valley in its lower part keeps about the old level of the sea-bottom and is therefore a remnant of the miocene world. this theory, however, is not universally accepted, some authorities preferring to assume a succession of more strictly local elevations and depressions, connected with the recent volcanic activity of the jaulan and lija districts on the east bank, which brought the contours finally to their actual form. in any case the number of distinct sea-beaches seems to imply a succession of convulsive changes, more recent than the great miocene upheaval, which are responsible for the shrinkage of the water into the three isolated pans now found. for more than two-thirds of its course the jordan lies below the level of the sea. it has never been navigable, no important town has ever been built on its banks, and it runs into an inland sea which has no port and is destitute of aquatic life. throughout history it has exerted a separatist influence, roughly dividing the settled from the nomadic populations; and the crossing of jordan, one way or the other, was always an event in the history of israel. in hebrew times its valley was regarded as a \"wilderness\" and, except in the roman era, seems always to have been as sparsely inhabited as now. from its sources to the dead sea it rushes down a continuous inclined plane, broken here and there by rapids and small falls; between the sea of galilee and the dead sea its sinuosity is so great that in a direct distance of 65 m. it traverses at least 200 m. the mean fall is about 9 ft. in the mile. the jordan has two great sources, one in tell el-kadi (dan) whence springs the nahr leddan, a stream 12 ft. broad at its birth; the other at banias (anc. paneas, caesarea-philippi), some 4 m. n., where the nahr banias issues from a cave, about 30 ft. broad. but two longer streams with less water contest their claim, the nahr barrighit from coelesyria, which rises near the springs of the litany, and the nahr hasbany from hermon. the four streams unite below the fortress of banias, which once held the gate of the valley, and flow into a marshy tract now called huleh (semechonitis, and perhaps merom of joshua). there the jordan begins to fall below sea-level, rushing down 680 ft. in 9 m. to a delta, which opens into the sea of galilee. thereafter it follows a valley which is usually not above 4 m. broad, but opens out twice into the small plains of bethshan and jericho. the river actually flows in a depression, the zor, from a quarter to 2 m. wide, which it has hollowed out for itself in the bed of the ghor. during the rainy season (january and february), when the jordan overflows its banks, the zor is flooded, but when the water falls it produces rich crops. the floor of the ghor falls gently to the zor, and is intersected by deep channels, which have been cut by the small streams and winter torrents that traverse it on their way to the jordan. as far south as kurn surtabeh most of the valley is fertile, and even between that point and the dead sea there are several well-watered oases. in summer the heat in the ghor is intense, 110° f. in the shade, but in winter the temperature falls to 40°, and sometimes to 32° at night. during the seasons of rain and melting snow the river is very full, and liable to freshets. after twelve hours' rain it has been known to rise from 4 to 5 ft., and to fall as rapidly. in 1257 the jordan was dammed up for several hours by a landslip, probably due to heavy rain. on leaving the sea of galilee the water is quite clear, but it soon assumes a tawny colour from the soft marl which it washes away from its banks and deposits in the dead sea. on the whole it is an unpleasant foul stream running between poisonous banks, and as such it seems to have been regarded by the jews and other syrians. the hebrew poets did not sing its praises, and others compared it unfavourably with the clear rivers of damascus. the clay of the valley was used for brickmaking, and solomon established brass foundries there. from crusading times to this day it has grown sugar-cane. in roman times it had extensive palm-groves and some small towns (e.g. livias or julias opposite jericho) and villages. the jordan is crossed by two stone bridges--one north of lake huleh, the other between that lake and the sea of galilee--and by a wooden bridge on the road from jerusalem to gilead and moab. during the roman period, and almost to the end of the arab supremacy, there were bridges on all the great lines of communication between eastern and western palestine, and ferries at other places. the depth of water varies greatly with the season. when not in flood the river is often fordable, and between the sea of galilee and the dead sea there are then more than fifty fords--some of them of historic interest. the only difficulty is occasioned by the erratic zigzag current. the natural products of the jordan valley--a tropical oasis sunk in the temperate zone, and overhung by alpine hermon--are unique. papyrus grows in lake huleh, and rice and cereals thrive on its shores, whilst below the sea of galilee the vegetation is almost tropical. the flora and fauna present a large infusion of ethiopian types; and the fish, with which the river is abundantly stocked, have a great affinity with those of the rivers and lakes of east africa. ere the jordan enters the dead sea, its valley has become very barren and forbidding. it reaches the lake at a minus level of 1290 ft., the depression continuing downwards to twice that depth in the bed of the dead sea. it receives two affluents, with perennial waters, on the left, the yarmuk (hieromax) which flows in from the volcanic jaulan a little south of the sea of galilee, and the zerka (jabbok) which comes from the belka district to a point more than half-way down the lower course. on the right the jalud descends from the plain of esdraelon to near beisan, and the far'a from near nablus. various salt springs rise in the lower valley. the rest of the tributaries are wadis, dry except after rains. such human life as may be found in the valley now is mainly migratory. the samaritan villagers use it in winter as pasture-ground, and, with the circassians and arabs of the east bank, cultivate plots here and there. they retire on the approach of summer. jericho is the only considerable settlement in the lower valley, and it lies some distance west of the stream on the lower slopes of the judaean heights. see w. f. lynch, _narrative of the u.s. expedition_, &c. (1849); h. b. tristram, _land of israel_ (1865); j. macgregor, _rob roy on the jordan_ (1870); a. neubauer, _la geographie du talmud_ (1868); e. robinson, _physical geography of the holy land_ (1865); e. hull, _mount seir_, &c. (1885), and _memoir on the geology of arabia petraea_, &c. (1886); g. a. smith, _hist. geography of the holy land_ (1894); w. libbey and f. e. hoskins, _the jordan valley_, &c. (1905). see also palestine. (c. w. w.; d. g. h.) jordanes,[1] the historian of the gothic nation, flourished about the middle of the 6th century. all that we certainly know about his life is contained in three sentences of his history of the goths (cap. 50), from which, among other particulars as to the history of his family, we learn that his grandfather paria was notary to candac, the chief of a confederation of alans and other tribes settled during the latter half of the 5th century on the south of the danube in the provinces which are now bulgaria and the dobrudscha. jordanes himself was the notary of candac's nephew, the gothic chief gunthigis, until he took the vows of a monk. this, according to the manner of speaking of that day, is the meaning of his words _ante conversionem meam_, though it is quite possible that he may at the same time have renounced the arian creed of his forefathers, which it is clear that he no longer held when he wrote his gothic history. the _getica_ of jordanes shows gothic sympathies; but these are probably due to an imitation of the tone of cassiodorus, from whom he draws practically all his material. he was not himself a goth, belonging to a confederation of germanic tribes, embracing alans and scyrians, which had come under the influence of the ostrogoths settled on the lower danube; and his own sympathies are those of a member of this confederation. he is accordingly friendly to the goths, even apart from the influence of cassiodorus; but he is also prepossessed in favour of the eastern emperors in whose territories this confederation lived and whose subject he himself was. this makes him an impartial authority on the last days of the ostrogoths. at the same time, living in moesia, he is restricted in his outlook to danubian affairs. he has little to say of the inner history and policy of the kingdom of theodoric: his interests lie, as mommsen says, within a triangle of which the three points are sirmium, larissa and constantinople. finally, connected as he was with the alans, he shows himself friendly to them, whenever they enter into his narrative. we pass from the extremely shadowy personality of jordanes to the more interesting question of his works. 1. the _romana_, or, as he himself calls it, _de summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis romanorum_, was composed in 551. it was begun before, but published after, the _getica_. it is a sketch of the history of the world from the creation, based on jerome, the epitome of florus, orosius and the ecclesiastical history of socrates. there is a curious reference to iamblichus, apparently the neo-platonist philosopher, whose name jordanes, being, as he says himself, _agrammatus_, inserts by way of a flourish. the work is only of any value for the century 450-550, when jordanes is dealing with recent history. it is merely a hasty compilation intended to stand side by side with the _getica_.[2] 2. the other work of jordanes commonly called _de rebus geticis_ or _getica_, was styled by himself _de origine actibusque getarum_, and was also written in 551. he informs us that while he was engaged upon the _romana_ a friend named castalius invited him to compress into one small treatise the twelve books--now lost--of the senator cassiodorus, on _the origin and actions of the goths_. jordanes professes to have had the work of cassiodorus in his hands for but three days, and to reproduce the sense not the words; but his book, short as it is, evidently contains long verbatim extracts from the earlier author, and it may be suspected that the story of the _triduana lectio_ and the apology _quamvis verba non recolo_, possibly even the friendly invitation of castalius, are mere blinds to cover his own entire want of originality. this suspicion is strengthened by the fact (discovered by von sybel) that even the very preface to his book is taken almost word for word from rufinus's translation of origen's commentary on the epistle to the romans. there is no doubt, even on jordanes' own statements, that his work is based upon that of cassiodorus, and that any historical worth which it possesses is due to that fact. cassiodorus was one of the very few men who, roman by birth and sympathies, could yet appreciate the greatness of the barbarians by whom the empire was overthrown. the chief adviser of theodoric, the east gothic king in italy, he accepted with ardour that monarch's great scheme, if indeed, he did not himself originally suggest it, of welding roman and goth together into one harmonious state which should preserve the social refinement and the intellectual culture of the latin-speaking races without losing the hardy virtues of their teutonic conquerors. to this aim everything in the political life of cassiodorus was subservient, and this aim he evidently kept before him in his gothic history. but in writing that history cassiodorus was himself indebted to the work of a certain ablabius. it was ablabius, apparently, who had first used the gothic sagas (_prisca carmina_); it was he who had constructed the stem of the amals. whether he was a greek, a roman or a goth we do not know; nor can we say when he wrote, though his work may be dated conjecturally in the early part of the reign of theodoric the great. we can only say that he wrote on the origin and history of the goths, using both gothic saga and greek sources; and that if jordanes used cassiodorus, cassiodorus used, if to a less extent, the work of ablabius. cassiodorus began his work, at the request of theodoric, and therefore before 526: it was finished by 533. at the root of the work lies a theory, whencesoever derived, which identified the goths with the scythians, whose country darius hystaspes invaded, and with the getae of dacia, whom trajan conquered. this double identification enabled cassiodorus to bring the favoured race into line with the peoples of classical antiquity, to interweave with their history stories about hercules and the amazons, to make them invade egypt, to claim for them a share in the wisdom of the semi-mythical scythian philosopher zamolxis. he was thus able with some show of plausibility to represent the goths as \"wiser than all the other barbarians and almost like the greeks\" (jord., _de reb. get._, cap. v.), and to send a son of the gothic king telephus to fight at the siege of troy, with the ancestors of the romans. all this we can now perceive to have no relation to history, but at the time it may have made the subjugation of the roman less bitter to feel that he was not after all bowing down before a race of barbarian upstarts, but that his amal sovereign was as firmly rooted in classical antiquity as any julius or claudius who ever wore the purple. in the eighteen years which elapsed between 533 and the composition of the _getica_ of jordanes, great events, most disastrous for the romano-gothic monarchy of theodoric, had taken place. it was no longer possible to write as if the whole civilization of the western world would sit down contentedly under the shadow of east gothic dominion and amal sovereignty. and, moreover, the instincts of jordanes, as a subject of the eastern empire, predisposed him to flatter the sacred majesty of justinian, by whose victorious arms the overthrow of the barbarian kingdom in italy had been effected. hence we perceive two currents of tendency in the _getica_. on the one hand, as a transcriber of the philo-goth cassiodorus, he magnifies the race of alaric and theodoric, and claims for them their full share, perhaps more than their full share, of glory in the past. on the other hand he speaks of the great anti-teuton emperor justinian, and of his reversal of the german conquests of the 5th century, in language which would certainly have grated on the ears of totila and his heroes. when ravenna is taken, and vitigis carried into captivity, jordanes almost exults in the fact that \"the nobility of the amals and the illustrious offspring of so many mighty men have surrendered to a yet more illustrious prince and a yet mightier general, whose fame shall not grow dim through all the centuries.\" (_getica_, lx. § 315). this laudation, both of the goths and of their byzantine conquerors, may perhaps help us to understand the motive with which the _getica_ was written. in the year 551 germanus, nephew of justinian, accompanied by his bride, matasuntha, grand-daughter of theodoric, set forth to reconquer italy for the empire. his early death prevented any schemes for a revived romano-gothic kingdom which may have been based on his personality. his widow, however, bore a posthumous child, also named germanus, of whom jordanes speaks (cap. 60) as \"blending the blood of the anicii and the amals, and furnishing a hope under the divine blessing of one day uniting their glories.\" this younger germanus did nothing in after life to realize these anticipations; but the somewhat pointed way in which his name and his mother's name are mentioned by jordanes lends some probability to the view that he hoped for the child's succession to the eastern empire, and the final reconciliation of the goths and romans in the person of a gotho-roman emperor. the _de rebus geticis_ falls naturally into four parts. the first (chs. i.-xiii.) commences with a geographical description of the three quarters of the world, and in more detail of britain and scanzia (sweden), from which the goths under their king berig migrated to the southern coast of the baltic. their migration across what has since been called lithuania to the shores of the euxine, and their differentiation into visigoths and ostrogoths, are next described. chs. v.-xiii. contain an account of the intrusive geto-scythian element before alluded to. the second section (chs. xiv.-xxiv.) returns to the true history of the gothic nation, sets forth the genealogy of the amal kings, and describes the inroads of the goths into the roman empire in the 3rd century, with the foundation and the overthrow of the great but somewhat shadowy kingdom of hermanric. the third section (chs. xxv.-xlvii.) traces the history of the west goths from the hunnish invasion to the downfall of the gothic kingdom in gaul under alaric ii. (376-507). the best part of this section, and indeed of the whole book, is the seven chapters devoted to attila's invasion of gaul and the battle of the mauriac plains. here we have in all probability a verbatim extract from cassiodorus, who (possibly resting on ablabius) interwove with his narrative large portions of the gothic sagas. the celebrated expression _certaminis gaudia_ assuredly came at first neither from the suave minister cassiodorus nor from the small-souled notary jordanes, but is the translation of some thought which first found utterance through the lips of a gothic minstrel. the fourth section (chs. xlviii.-lx.) traces the history of the east goths from the same hunnish invasion to the first overthrow of the gothic monarchy in italy (376-539). in this fourth section are inserted, somewhat out of their proper place, some valuable details as to the _gothi minores_, \"an immense people dwelling in the region of nicopolis, with their high priest and primate vulfilas, who is said also to have taught them letters.\" the book closes with the allusion to germanus and the panegyric on justinian as the conqueror of the goths referred to above. jordanes refers in the _getica_ to a number of authors besides cassiodorus; but he owes his knowledge of them to cassiodorus. it is perhaps only when he is using orosius that we can hold jordanes to have borrowed directly. otherwise, as mommsen says, the _getica is a mera epitome, laxata ea et perversa, historiae gothicae cassiodorianae_. as to the style and literary character of jordanes, every author who has used him speaks in terms of severe censure. when he is left to himself and not merely transcribing, he is sometimes scarcely grammatical. there are awkward gaps in his narrative and statements inconsistent with each other. he quotes, as if he were familiarly acquainted with their writings, a number of greek and roman writers, of whom it is almost certain that he had not read more than one or two. at the same time he does not quote the chronicler marcellinus, from whom he has copied verbatim the history of the deposition of augustulus. all these faults make him a peculiarly unsatisfactory authority where we cannot check his statements by those of other authors. it may, however, be pleaded in extenuation that he is professedly a transcriber, and, if his story be correct, a transcriber in peculiarly unfavourable circumstances. he has also himself suffered much from the inaccuracy of copyists. but nothing has really been more unfortunate for the reputation of jordanes as a writer than the extreme preciousness of the information which he has preserved to us. the teutonic tribes whose dim origins he records have in the course of centuries attained to world-wide dominion. the battle in the mauriac plains of which he is really the sole historian, is now seen to have had important bearings on the destinies of the world. and thus the hasty pamphlet of a half-educated gothic monk has been forced into prominence, almost into rivalry with the finished productions of the great writers of classical antiquity. no wonder that it stands the comparison badly; but with all its faults the _getica_ of jordanes will probably ever retain its place side by side with the _de moribus germanorum_ of tacitus as a chief source of information respecting the history, institutions and modes of thought of our teutonic forefathers. editions.--the classical edition is that of mommsen (in _mon. germ. hist. auct. antiq._, v., ii.), which supersedes the older editions, such as that in the first volume of muratori's _scriptt. rer. ital._ the best ms. is the heidelberg ms., written in germany, probably in the 8th century; but this perished in the fire at mommsen's house. the next of the mss. in value are the vaticanus palatinus of the 10th century, and the valenciennes ms. of the 9th. authorities.--von sybel's essay, _de fontibus jordanis_ (1838); schirren's _de ratione quae inter jordanem et cassiodorum intercedat commentatio_ (dorpat, 1858); kopke's _die anfange des konigthums beiden gothen_ (berlin, 1859); dahn's _die konige der germanen_, vol. ii. (munich, 1861); ebert's _geschichte der christlich-lateinischen literatur_ (leipsic, 1874); wattenbach's _deutschlands geschichtsquellen im mittelalter_ (berlin, 1877); and the introduction of mommsen to his edition. (t. h.; e. br.) footnotes: [1] the evidence of mss. is overwhelming against the form jornandes. the mss. exhibit jordanis or jordannis; but these are only vulgar-latin spellings of jordanes. [2] the terms of the dedication of this book to a certain vigilius make it impossible that the pope (538-555) of that name is meant. jordanus (jordan catalani) (fl. 1321-1330), french dominican missionary and explorer in asia, was perhaps born at severac in aveyron, north-east of toulouse. in 1302 he may have accompanied the famous thomas of tolentino, via negropont, to the east; but it is only in 1321 that we definitely discover him in western india, in the company of the same thomas and certain other franciscan missionaries on their way to china. ill-luck detained them at tana in salsette island, near bombay; and here jordanus' companions (\"the four martyrs of tana\") fell victims to moslem fanaticism (april 7, 1321). jordanus, escaping, worked some time at baruch in gujarat, near the nerbudda estuary, and at suali (?) near surat; to his fellow-dominicans in north persia he wrote two letters--the first from gogo in gujarat (october 12, 1321), the second from tana (january 24, 1323/4)--describing the progress of this new mission. from these letters we learn that roman attention had already been directed, not only to the bombay region, but also to the extreme south of the indian peninsula, especially to \"columbum,\" quilon, or kulam in travancore; jordanus' words may imply that he had already started a mission there before october 1321. from catholic traders he had learnt that ethiopia (i.e. abyssinia and nubia) was accessible to western europeans; at this very time, as we know from other sources, the earliest latin missionaries penetrated thither. finally, the _epistles_ of jordanus, like the contemporary _secreta_ of marino sanuto (1306-1321), urge the pope to establish a christian fleet upon the indian seas. jordanus, between 1324 and 1328 (if not earlier), probably visited kulam and selected it as the best centre for his future work; it would also appear that he revisited europe about 1328, passing through persia, and perhaps touching at the great crimean port of soldaia or sudak. he was appointed a bishop in 1328 and nominated by pope john xxii. to the see of columbum in 1330. together with the new bishop of samarkand, thomas of mancasola, jordanus was commissioned to take the pall to john de cora, archbishop of sultaniyah in persia, within whose province kulam was reckoned; he was also commended to the christians of south india, both east and west of cape comorin, by pope john. either before going out to malabar as bishop, or during a later visit to the west, jordanus probably wrote his _mirabilia_, which from internal evidence can only be fixed within the period 1329-1338; in this work he furnished the best account of indian regions, products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any european in the middle ages--superior even to marco polo's. in his triple division of the indies, india major comprises the shorelands from malabar to cochin china; while india minor stretches from sind (or perhaps from baluchistan) to malabar; and india tertia (evidently dominated by african conceptions in his mind) includes a vast undefined coast-region west of baluchistan, reaching into the neighbourhood of, but not including, ethiopia and prester john's domain. jordanus' _mirabilia_ contains the earliest clear african identification of prester john, and what is perhaps the first notice of the black sea under that name; it refers to the author's residence in india major and especially at kulam, as well as to his travels in armenia, north-west persia, the lake van region, and chaldaea; and it supplies excellent descriptions of parsee doctrines and burial customs, of hindu ox-worship, idol-ritual, and suttee, and of indian fruits, birds, animals and insects. after the 8th of april 1330 we have no more knowledge of bishop jordanus. of jordanus' _epistles_ there is only one ms., viz. paris, national library, 5006 lat., fol. 182, r. and v.; of the _mirabilia_ also one ms. only, viz. london, british museum, _additional mss._, 19,513, fols. 3, r.-12 r. the text of the _epistles_ is in quetif and echard, _scriptores ordinis praedicatorum_, i. 549-550 (epistle i.); and in wadding, _annales minorum_, vi. 359-361 (epistle ii.); the text of the _mirabilia_ in the paris geog. soc.'s _recueil de voyages_, iv. 1-68 (1839). the papal letters referring to jordanus are in raynaldus, _annales ecclesiastici_, 1330, §§ lv. and lvii. (april 8; feb. 14). see also sir h. yule's _jordanus_, a version of the _mirabilia_ with a commentary (hakluyt soc., 1863) and the same editor's _cathay_, giving a version of the _epistles_, with a commentary, &c. (hak. soc., 1866) pp. 184-185, 192-196, 225-230; f. kunstmann, \"die mission in meliapor und tana\" and \"die mission in columbo\" in the _historisch-politische blatter_ of phillips and gorres, xxxvii. 25-38, 135-152 (munich, 1856), &c.; c. r. beazley, _dawn of modern geography_, iii. 215-235. (c. r. b.)",
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