JOIST

joist, in building, one of a row or tier of beams set edgewise from one wall or partition to another and carrying the flooring boards on the upper edge and the laths of the ceiling on the lower. in double flooring there are three series of joists, _binding_, _bridging_, and _ceiling_ joists. the binding joists are the real support of the floor, running from wall to wall, and carrying the bridging joists above and the ceiling joists below (see carpentry), the mid. eng. form of the word was _giste_ or _gyste_, and was adapted from o. fr. _giste_, modern _gite_, a beam supporting the platform of a gun. by origin the word meant that on which anything lies or rests (_gesir_, to lie; lat. _jacere_). the english word "gist," in such phrases as "the gist of the matter," the main or central point in an argument, is a doublet of joist. according to skeat, the origin of this meaning is an o. fr. proverbial expression, _je scay bien ou gist le lievre_, i know well where the hare lies, i.e. i know the real point of the matter. jokai, maurus (1825-1904), hungarian novelist, was born at rev-komarom on the 19th of february 1825. his father, joseph, was a member of the asva branch of the ancient jokay family; his mother was a scion of the noble pulays. the lad was timid and delicate, and therefore educated at home till his tenth year, when he was sent to pressburg, subsequently completing his education at the calvinist college at papa, where he first met petofi, alexander kozma, and several other brilliant young men who subsequently became famous. his family had meant him to follow the law, his father's profession, and accordingly the youth, always singularly assiduous, plodded conscientiously through the usual curriculum at kecskemet and pest, and as a full-blown advocate actually succeeded in winning his first case. but the drudgery of a lawyer's office was uncongenial to the ardently poetical youth, and, encouraged by the encomiums pronounced by the hungarian academy upon his first play, _zsido fiu_ ("the jew boy"), he flitted, when barely twenty, to pest in 1845 with a ms. romance in his pocket; he was introduced by petofi to the literary notabilities of the hungarian capital, and the same year his first notable romance _hetkoznapok_ ("working days"), appeared, first in the columns of the _pesti dievatlap_, and subsequently, in 1846, in book form. _hetkoznapok_, despite its manifest crudities and extravagances, was instantly recognized by all the leading critics as a work of original genius, and in the following year jokai was appointed the editor of _eletkepek_, the leading hungarian literary journal, and gathered round him all the rising talent of the country. on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 the young editor enthusiastically adopted the national cause, and served it with both pen and sword. now, as ever, he was a moderate liberal, setting his face steadily against all excesses; but, carried away by the hungarian triumphs of april and may 1849, he supported kossuth's fatal blunder of deposing the hapsburg dynasty, and though, after the war was over, his life was saved by an ingenious stratagem of his wife, the great tragic actress, roza benke laborfalvi, whom he had married on the 29th of august 1848, he lived for the next fourteen years the life of a political suspect. yet this was perhaps the most glorious period of his existence, for during it he devoted himself to the rehabilitation of the proscribed and humiliated magyar language, composing in it no fewer than thirty great romances, besides innumerable volumes of tales, essays, criticisms and facetiæ. this was the period of such masterpieces as _erdely arany kord_ ("the golden age of transylvania"), with its sequel _torokvilag magyarorszagon_ ("the turks in hungary"), _egy magyar nabob_ ("a hungarian nabob"), _karpathy zoltan, janicsarok vegnapjai_ ("the last days of the janissaries"), _szomoru napok_ ("sad days"). on the re-establishment of the hungarian constitution by the composition of 1867, jokai took an active part in politics. as a constant supporter of the tisza administration, not only in parliament, where he sat continuously for more than twenty years, but also as the editor of the government organ, _hon_, founded by him in 1863, he became a power in the state, and, though he never took office himself, frequently extricated the government from difficult places. in 1897 the emperor appointed him a member of the upper house. as a suave, practical and witty debater he was particularly successful. yet it was to literature that he continued to devote most of his time, and his productiveness after 1870 was stupendous, amounting to some hundreds of volumes. stranger still, none of this work is slipshod, and the best of it deserves to endure. amongst the finest of his later works may be mentioned the unique and incomparable _az arany ember_ ("a man of gold")--translated into english under the title of _timar's two worlds_--and _a tengerzemu holgy_ ("eyes like the sea"), the latter of which won the academy's prize in 1890. he died at budapest on the 5th of may 1904; his wife having predeceased him in 1886. jokai was an arch-romantic, with a perfervid oriental imagination, and humour of the purest, rarest description. if one can imagine a combination, in almost equal parts, of walter scott, william beckford, dumas _pere_, and charles dickens, together with the native originality of an ardent magyar, one may perhaps form a fair idea of the great hungarian romancer's indisputable genius. see nevy laszlo, _jokai mor_; hegedusis sandor, _jokai morrol_; h. w. temperley, "maurus jokai and the historical novel," _contemporary review_ (july 1904).