JOHN XIX.

john xix., pope from 1024 to 1033, succeeded his brother benedict viii., both being members of the powerful house of tusculum. he merely took orders to enable him to ascend the papal chair, having previously been a consul and senator. he displayed his freedom from ecclesiastical prejudices, if also his utter ignorance of ecclesiastical history, by agreeing, on the payment of a large bribe, to grant to the patriarch of constantinople the title of an ecumenical bishop, but the general indignation which the proposal excited throughout the church compelled him almost immediately to withdraw from his agreement. on the death of the emperor henry ii. in 1024 he gave his support to conrad ii., who along with his consort was crowned with great pomp at st peter's in easter of 1027. john died in 1033, in the full possession of his dignities. a successor was found for him in his nephew benedict ix., a boy of only twelve years of age. (l. d.*) john xxi. (pedro giuliano-rebulo), pope from the 8th of september 1276 to the 20th of may 1277 (should be named john xx., but there is an error in the reckoning through the insertion of an antipope), a native of portugal, educated for the church, became archdeacon and then archbishop of braga, and so ingratiated himself with gregory x. at the council of lyons (1274) that he was taken to rome as cardinal-bishop of frascati, and succeeded gregory after an interregnum of twenty days. as pope he excommunicated alphonso iii. of portugal for interfering with episcopal elections and sent legates to the great khan. he was devoted to secular science, and his small affection for the monks awakened the distrust of a large portion of the clergy. his life was brought to a premature close through the fall of the roof in the palace he had built at viterbo. his successor was nicholas iii. john xxi. has been identified since the 14th century, most probably correctly, with petrus hispanus, a celebrated portuguese physician and philosopher, author of several medical works--notably the curious _liber de oculo_, trans. into german and well edited by a. m. berger (munich, 1899), and of a popular textbook in logic, the _summulae logicales_. john xxi. is constantly referred to as a magician by ignorant chroniclers. see _les registres de gregoire x. et jean xxi._, published by j. guiraud and e. cadier in _bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'athenes et de rome_ (paris, 1898); a. potthast, _regesta pontif. roman._, vol. 2 (berlin, 1875); f. gregorovius, _rome in the middle ages_, vol. v., trans. by mrs g. w. hamilton (london, 1900-1902); r. stapper, _papst johann xxi._ (munster, 1898); j. t. kohler, _vollstandige nachricht von papst johann xxi._ (gottingen, 1760). (c. h. ha.)