JOEL

joel, manuel (1826-1890), jewish philosopher and preacher. after teaching for several years at the breslau rabbinical seminary, founded by z. frankel, he became the successor of abraham geiger in the rabbinate of breslau. he made important contributions to the history of the school of aqiba (q.v.) as well as to the history of jewish philosophy, his essays on ibn gabirol and maimonides being of permanent worth. but his most influential work was connected with the relations between jewish philosophy and the medieval scholasticism. he showed how albertus magnus derived some of his ideas from maimonides and how spinoza was indebted to the same writer, as well as to hasdai crescas. these essays were collected in two volumes of _beitrage zur geschichte der philosophie_ (1876), while another two volumes of _blicke in die religionsgeschichte_ (1880-1883) threw much light on the development of religious thought in the early centuries of the christian era. equally renowned were joel's pulpit addresses. though he was no orator, his appeal to the reason was effective, and in their published form his three volumes of _predigten_ (issued posthumously) have found many readers. (i. a.)