JAY

jay, william (1769-1853), english nonconformist divine, was born at tisbury in wiltshire on the 6th of may 1769. he adopted his father's trade of stone-mason, but gave it up in 1785 in order to enter the rev. cornelius winter's school at marlborough. during the three years that jay spent there, his preaching powers were rapidly developed. before he was twenty-one he had preached nearly a thousand times, and in 1788 he had for a while occupied rowland hill's pulpit in london. wishing to continue his reading he accepted the humble pastorate of christian malford, near chippenham, where he remained about two years. after one year at hope chapel, clifton, he was called to the ministry of argyle independent chapel in bath; and on the 30th of january 1791 he began the work of his life there, attracting hearers of every religious denomination and of every rank, and winning for himself a wide reputation as a brilliant pulpit orator, an earnest religious author, and a friendly counsellor. sheridan declared him to be the most manly orator he had ever heard. a long and honourable connexion of sixty-two years came to an end in january 1853, and he died on the 27th of december following. the best-known of jay's works are his _morning and evening exercises_: _the christian contemplated_: _the domestic minister's assistant_; and his _discourses_. he also wrote a _life of rev. cornelius winter_, and _memoirs of rev. john clarke_. an edition of jay's _works_ in 12 vols., 8vo, revised by himself, was issued in 1842-1844, and again in 1856. a new edition, in 8 vols., 8vo, was published in 1876. see _autobiography_ (1854); s. wilson's _memoir of jay_ (1854); s. newth in _pulpit memorials_ (1878). jay (fr. _geai_), a well-known and very beautiful european bird, the _corvus glandarius_ of linnaeus, the _garrulus glandarius_ of modern ornithologists. to this species are more or less closely allied numerous birds inhabiting the palaearctic and indian regions, as well as the greater part of america, but not occurring in the antilles, in the southern portion of the neotropical region, or in the ethiopian or australian. all these birds are commonly called jays, and form a group of the crows or _corvidae_, which may fairly be considered a sub-family, _garrulinae_. indeed there are, or have been, systematists who would elevate the jays to the rank of a family _garrulidae_--a proceeding which seems unnecessary. some of them have an unquestionable resemblance to the pies, if the group now known by that name can be satisfactorily severed from the true _corvinae_. in structure the jays are not readily differentiated from the pies; but in habit they are much more arboreal, delighting in thick coverts, seldom appearing in the open, and seeking their food on or under trees. they seem also never to walk or run when on the ground, but always to hop. the body-feathers are commonly loose and soft; and, gaily coloured as are most of the species, in few of them has the plumage the metallic glossiness it generally presents in the pies, while the proverbial beauty of the "jay's wing" is due to the vivid tints of blue--turquoise and cobalt, heightened by bars of jet-black, an indication of the same style of ornament being observable in the greater number of the other forms of the group, and in some predominating over nearly the whole surface. of the many genera that have been proposed by ornithologists, perhaps about nine may be deemed sufficiently well established. [illustration: fig. 1--european jay.] the ordinary european jay, _garrulus glandarius_ (fig. 1), has suffered so much persecution in the british islands as to have become in many districts a rare bird. in ireland it seems now to be indigenous to the southern half of the island only; in england generally, it is far less numerous than formerly; and in scotland its numbers have decreased with still greater rapidity. there is little doubt that it would have been exterminated but for its stock being supplied in autumn by immigration, and for its shy and wary behaviour, especially at the breeding-season, when it becomes almost wholly mute, and thereby often escapes detection. no truthful man, however much he may love the bird, will gainsay the depredations on fruit and eggs that it at times commits; but the gardeners and gamekeepers of britain, instead of taking a few simple steps to guard their charge from injury, deliberately adopt methods of wholesale destruction--methods that in the case of this species are only too easy and too effectual--by proffering temptation to trespass which it is not in jay-nature to resist, and accordingly the bird runs great chance of total extirpation. notwithstanding the war carried on against the jay, its varied cries and active gesticulations show it to be a sprightly bird, and at a distance that renders its beauty-spots invisible, it is yet rendered conspicuous by its cinnamon-coloured body and pure white tail-coverts, which contrast with the deep black and rich chestnut that otherwise mark its plumage, and even the young at once assume a dress closely resembling that of the adult. the nest, generally concealed in a leafy tree or bush, is carefully built, with a lining formed of fine roots neatly interwoven. herein from four to seven eggs, of a greenish-white closely freckled, so as to seem suffused with light olive, are laid in march or april, and the young on quitting it accompany their parents for some weeks. though the common jay of europe inhabits nearly the whole of this quarter of the globe south of 64° n. lat., its territory in the east of russia is also occupied by _g. brandti_, a kindred form, which replaces it on the other side of the ural, and ranges thence across siberia to japan; and again on the lower danube and thence to constantinople the nearly allied _g. krynicki_ (which alone is found in southern russia, caucasia and asia minor) shares its haunts with it.[1] it also crosses the mediterranean to algeria and morocco; but there, as in southern spain, it is probably but a winter immigrant. the three forms just named have the widest range of any of the genus. next to them come _g. atricapillus_, reaching from syria to baluchistan, _g. japonicus_, the ordinary jay of southern japan, and _g. sinensis_, the chinese bird. other forms have a much more limited area, as _g. cervicalis_, the local and resident jay of algeria, _g. hyrcanus_, found on the southern shores of the caspian sea, and _g. taevanus_, confined to the island of formosa. the most aberrant of the true jays is _g. lidthi_, a very rare species, which seems to come from some part of japan (_vide_ salvadori, _atti accad. torino_, vii. 474), though its exact locality is not known. leaving the true jays of the genus _garrulus_, it is expedient next to consider those of a group named, in 1831, _perisoreus_ by prince c. l. bonaparte (_saggio_, &c., _anim. vertebrati_, p. 43) and _dysornithia_ by swainson (_f. b.-americana_, ii. 495).[2] [illustration: fig. 2.--american blue jay.] this group contains two species--one the lanius infaustus of linnaeus and the siberian jay of english writers, which ranges throughout the pine-forests of the north of europe and asia, and the second the _corvus canadensis_ of the same author, or canada jay, occupying a similar station in america. the so-called siberian jay is one of the most entertaining birds in the world. its versatile cries and actions, as seen and heard by those who penetrate the solitude of the northern forests it inhabits, can never be forgotten by one who has had experience of them, any more than the pleasing sight of its rust-coloured tail, which an occasional gleam of sunshine will light up into a brilliancy quite unexpected by those who have only surveyed the bird's otherwise gloomy appearance in the glass-case of a museum. it seems scarcely to know fear, obtruding itself on the notice of any traveller who invades its haunts, and, should he halt, making itself at once a denizen of his bivouac. in confinement it speedily becomes friendly, but suitable food for it is not easily found. linnaeus seems to have been under a misapprehension when he applied to it the trivial epithet it bears; for by none of his countrymen is it deemed an unlucky bird, but rather the reverse. in fact, no one can listen to the cheery sound of its ordinary calls with any but a hopeful feeling. the canada jay, or "whisky-jack" (the corruption probably of a cree name), seems to be of a similar nature, but it presents a still more sombre coloration, its nestling plumage,[3] indeed, being thoroughly corvine in appearance and suggestive of its being a pristine form. as though to make amends for the dull plumage of the species last mentioned, north america offers some of the most brilliantly coloured of the sub-family, and the common blue jay[4] of canada and the eastern states of the union, _cyanurus cristatus_ (fig. 2), is one of the most conspicuous birds of the transatlantic woods. the account of its habits by alexander wilson is known to every student of ornithology, and wilson's followers have had little to do but supplement his history with unimportant details. in this bird and its many allied forms, coloration, though almost confined to various tints of blue, seems to reach its climax, but want of space forbids more particular notice of them, or of the members of the other genera _cyanocitta_, _cyanocorax_, _xanthura_, _psilorhinus_, and more, which inhabit various parts of the western continent. it remains, however, to mention the genus cissa, including many beautiful forms belonging to the indian region, and among them the _c. speciosa_ and _c. sinensis_, so often represented in oriental drawings, though doubts may be expressed whether these birds are not more nearly related to the pies than to the jays. (a. n.) footnote: [1] further information will possibly show that these districts are not occupied at the same season of the year by the two forms. [2] recent writers have preferred the former name, though it was only used sub-generically by its author, who assigned to it no characters, which the inventor of the latter was careful to do, regarding it at the same time as a genus. [3] in this it was described and figured (_f. b. americana_, ii. 296, pl. 55) as a distinct species, _g. brachyrhynchus_. [4] the birds known as blue jays in india and africa are rollers (q.v.). jealousy (adapted from fr. _jalousie_, formed from _jaloux_, jealous, low lat. _zelosus_, gr. [greek: zelos], ardour, zeal, from the root seen in [greek: zeein], to boil, ferment; cf. "yeast"), originally a condition of zealous emulation, and hence, in the usual modern sense, of resentment at being (or believing that one is or may be) supplanted or preferred in the love or affection of another, or in the enjoyment of some good regarded as properly one's own. jealousy is really a form of envy, but implies a feeling of personal claim which in envy or covetousness is wanting. the jealousy of god, as in exod. xx. 5, "for i, the lord thy god, am a jealous god," has been defined by pusey (_minor prophets_, 1860) as the attribute "whereby he does not endure the love of his creatures to be transferred from him." "jealous," by etymology, is however, only another form of "zealous," and the identity is exemplified by such expressions as "i have been very jealous for the lord god of hosts" (1 kings xix. 10). a kind of glass, thick, ribbed and non-transparent, was formerly known as "jealous-glass," and this application is seen in the borrowed french word _jalousie_, a blind or shutter, made of slats of wood, which slope in such a way as to admit air and a certain amount of light, while excluding rain and sun and inspection from without.