JAMMU

jammu, or jummoo, the capital of the state of jammu and kashmir in northern india, on the river tavi (ta-wi), a tributary of the chenab. pop. (1901), 36,130. the town and palace stand upon the right bank of the river; the fort overhangs the left bank at an elevation of 150 ft. above the stream. the lofty whitened walls of the palace and citadel present a striking appearance from the surrounding country. extensive pleasure grounds and ruins of great size attest the former prosperity of the city when it was the seat of a rajput dynasty whose dominions extended into the plains and included the modern district of sialkot. it was afterwards conquered by the sikhs, and formed part of ranjit singh's dominions. after his death it was acquired by gulab singh as the nucleus of his dominions, to which the british added kashmir in 1846. it is connected with sialkot in the punjab by a railway 16 m. long. in 1898 the town was devastated by a fire, which destroyed most of the public offices. the state of jammu proper, as opposed to kashmir, consists of a submontane tract, forming the upper basin of the chenab. pop. (1901), 1,521,307, showing an increase of 5% in the decade. a land settlement has recently been introduced under british supervision. jamnia ([greek: iamnia] or [greek: iamneia]), the greek form of the hebrew name jabneel--i.e. "god causeth to build" (josh. xv. 11)--or jabneh (2 chron. xxvi. 6), the modern arabic yebna, a town of palestine, on the border between dan and judah, situated 13 m. s. of jaffa, and 4 m. e. of the seashore. the modern village stands on an isolated sandy hillock, surrounded by gardens with olives to the north and sand-dunes to the west. it contains a small crusaders' church, now a mosque. jamnia belonged to the philistines, and uzziah of judah is said to have taken it (2 chron. xxvi. 6). in maccabean times joseph and azarias attacked it unsuccessfully (1 macc. v. 55-62; 2 macc. xii. 8 seq. is untrustworthy). alexander jannaeus subdued it, and under pompey it became roman. it changed hands several times, is mentioned by strabo (xvi. 2) as being once very populous, and in the jewish war was taken by vespasian. the population was mainly jewish (philo, _leg. ad gaium_, § 30), and the town is principally famous as having been the seat of the sanhedrin and the religious centre of judaism from a.d. 70 to 135. it sent a bishop to nicaea in 325. in 1144 a crusaders' fortress was built on the hill, which is often mentioned under the name ibelin. there was also a jabneel in lower galilee (josh. xix. 33), called later caphar yama, the present village yemma, 8 m. s. of tiberias; and another fortress in upper galilee was named jamnia (josephus, _vita_, 37). attempts have been made to unify these two galilean sites, but without success.