JAMES HAMILTON

james hamilton, 2nd earl of arran and duke of chatelherault (c. 1515-1575), accompanied james v. in 1536 to france, and on the latter's death in 1542 was, in consequence of his position as next successor to the throne after the infant mary, proclaimed protector of the realm and heir-presumptive of the crown, in 1543. he was a zealous supporter of the reformation, authorized the translation and reading of the scriptures in the vulgar tongue, and at first supported the english policy in opposition to cardinal beaton, whom he arrested on the 27th of january 1543, arranging the treaty with england and the marriage of mary with prince edward in july, and being offered by henry the hand of the princess elizabeth for his son. but on the 3rd of september he suddenly joined the french party, met beaton at stirling, and abjured his religion for roman catholicism. on the 13th of january 1544, with angus, lennox and others, he signed a bond repudiating the english alliance. in 1544 an attempt was made to transfer the regency from him to mary of lorraine, but arran fortified edinburgh and her forces retired; in march 1545 a truce was arranged by which each had a share in the government. meanwhile, immediately on the repudiation of the treaty, war had broken out with england, and arran was unable either to maintain order within the realm or defend it from outside aggression, the scots being defeated at pinkie on the 10th of september 1547. he reluctantly agreed in july 1548 to the marriage of the dauphin with mary, whom he had designed for his son, to the appeal for french aid, and to the removal of mary for security to france, and on the 5th of february 1549 was created duke of chatelherault in poitou, his eldest son james being henceforth commonly styled earl of arran. in june 1548 he had also been made a knight of the order of st michael in france. on the 12th of april 1554 he abdicated in favour of the queen-mother, whose government he supported till after the capture of edinburgh in october 1559 by the lords of the congregation, when he declared himself on their side and took the covenant. the same month he was one of the council of the protestant lords, joined them in suspending mary of lorraine from the regency, and was made provisionally one of the governors of the kingdom. in order to discredit him with the english government a letter was forged by his enemies, in which arran declared his allegiance to francis ii., but the plot was exposed. on the 27th of february 1560 he agreed to the treaty of berwick with elizabeth, which placed scotland under her protection. the death the same year of francis ii. renewed his hopes of a union between his son and mary, but disappointment drove him into an attitude of hostility to the court. in 1562 he was accused by his son, probably already insane, of plots against mary's person, and he was obliged to give up dumbarton castle. lennox claimed precedence over arran in the succession to the throne, on the plea of the latter's supposed illegitimacy, and his restoration to favour in 1564, together with the project of mary's marriage with darnley, still further embittered arran; he refused to appear at court, was declared a traitor, and fled to england, where on his consent to go into exile for five years he received a pardon from mary. in 1566 he went to france, where he made vain attempts to regain his confiscated duchy. after the murder of darnley in 1567 he was nominated by mary on her abdication one of the regents, and he returned to scotland in 1569 as a strong supporter of her cause. in march in an assembly of nobles called by murray, he acknowledged james as king, but on the 5th of april he was arrested for not fulfilling the compact, and continued in confinement till april 1570. after murray's assassination in january 1570, the regency in july was given to lennox, and in june 1571 arran assembled a parliament, when it was declared that mary's abdication was obtained by fear, and the king's coronation was annulled. on the 28th of august he was declared a traitor and "forfeited," but he continued to support mary's hopeless cause and to appeal for help to france and spain, in spite of the pillage of his houses and estates, till february 1573, when he acknowledged james's authority and laid down his arms. he died on the 22nd of january 1575. he was by general consent a weak, fickle man, whose birth alone called him to high office. he married margaret, daughter of james douglas, 3rd earl of morton, and had, besides several daughters, four sons: james, who succeeded him as 3rd earl of arran, john, 1st marquess of hamilton, david, and claud, lord paisley, ancestor of the dukes of abercorn.