JACOB

jacob, john (1812-1858), indian soldier and administrator, was born on the 11th of january 1812, educated at addiscombe, and entered the bombay artillery in 1828. he served in the first afghan war under sir john keane, and afterwards led his regiment with distinction at the battles of meeanee, shahdadpur, and umarkot; but it is as commandant of the sind horse and political superintendent of upper sind that he was chiefly famous. he was the pacificator of the sind frontier, reducing the tribes to quietude as much by his commanding personality as by his ubiquitous military measures. in 1853 he foretold the indian mutiny, saying: "there is more danger to our indian empire from the state of the bengal army, from the feeling which there exists between the native and the european, and thence, spreads throughout the length and breadth of the land, than from all other causes combined. let government look to this; it is a serious and most important truth"; but he was only rebuked by lord dalhousie for his pains. he was a friend of sir charles napier and sir james outram, and resembled them in his outspoken criticisms and independence of authority. he died at the early age of 46 of brain fever, brought on by excessive heat and overwork. the town of jacobabad, which has the reputation of being the hottest place in india, is named after him. see a. i. shand, _general john jacob_ (1900). jacob ben asher (1280-1340), codifier of jewish law, was born in germany and died in toledo. a son of asher ben yehiel (q.v.), jacob helped to re-introduce the older elaborate method of legal casuistry which had been overthrown by maimonides (q.v.). the asheri family suffered great privations but remained faithful in their devotion to the talmud. jacob ben asher is known as the ba'al ha-turim (literally "master of the rows") from his chief work, the four _turim_ or rows (the title is derived from the four _turim_ or rows of jewels in the high priest's breastplate). in this work jacob ben asher codified rabbinic law on ethics and ritual, and it remained a standard work of reference until it was edited with a commentary by joseph qaro, who afterwards simplified the code into the more popular _shulhan aruch_. jacob also wrote two commentaries on the pentateuch. see graetz, _history of the jews_ (eng. trans.), vol. iv. ch. iii.; weiss, _dor dor we-dorashav_, v. 118-123. (i. a.)