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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:izunoshichito:1b0e0cb3309c",
    "title": "IZU-NO-SHICHI-TO",
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    "verified_text": "izu-no-shichi-to, the seven (_shichi_) islands (_to_) of izu, included in the empire of japan. they stretch in a southerly direction from a point near the mouth of tokyo bay, and lie between 33° and 34° 48 n. and between 139° and 140° e. their names, beginning from the north, are izu-no-oshima, to-shima, nii-shima, kozu-shima, miyake-shima and hachijo-shima. there are some islets in their immediate vicinity. izu-no-oshima, an island 10 m. long and 51⁄2 m. wide, is 15 m. from the nearest point of the izu promontory. it is known to western cartographers as vries island, a name derived from that of captain martin gerritsz de vries, a dutch navigator, who is supposed to have discovered the island in 1643. but the group was known to the japanese from a remote period, and used as convict settlements certainly from the 12th century and probably from a still earlier era. hachijo, the most southerly, is often erroneously written \"fatsisio\" on english charts. izu-no-oshima is remarkable for its smoking volcano, mihara-yama (2461 ft.), a conspicuous object to all ships bound for yokohama. three others of the islands--nii-shima, kozu-shima and miyake-shima--have active volcanoes. those on nii-shima and kozu-shima are of inconsiderable size, but that on miyake-shima, namely, oyama, rises to a height of 2707 ft. the most southerly island, hachijo-shima, has a still higher peak, dsubotake (2838 ft.), but it does not emit any smoke. j a letter of the alphabet which, as far as form is concerned, is only a modification of the latin i and dates back with a separate value only to the 15th century. it was first used as a special form of initial i, the ordinary form being kept for use in other positions. as, however, in many cases initial _i_ had the consonantal value of the english _y_ in _iugum_ (yoke), &c., the symbol came to be used for the value of y, a value which it still retains in german: _ja! jung_, &c. initially it is pronounced in english as an affricate _dzh_. the great majority of english words beginning with _j_ are (1) of foreign (mostly french) origin, as \"jaundice,\" \"judge\"; (2) imitative of sound, like \"jar\" (the verb); or (3) influenced by analogy, like \"jaw\" (influenced by _chaw_, according to skeat). in early french _g_ when palatalized by _e_ or _i_ sounds became confused with consonantal _i_ (_y_), and both passed into the sound of _j_ which is still preserved in english. a similar sound-change takes place in other languages, e.g. lithuanian, where the resulting sound is spelt _dz_. modern french and also provencal and portuguese have changed _j = dzh_ into _z_ (_zh_). the sound initially is sometimes represented in english by _g_: _gem_, _gaol_ as well as _jail_. at the end of modern english words the same sound is represented by -_dge_ as in _judge_, french _juge_. in this position, however, the sound occurs also in genuine english words like _bridge_, _sedge_, _singe_, but this is true only for the southern dialects on which the literary language is founded. in the northern dialects the pronunciation as _brig_, _seg_, _sing_ still survives. (p. gi.) ja'alin (from _ja'al_, to settle, i.e. \"the squatters\"), an african tribe of semitic stock. they formerly occupied the country on both banks of the nile from khartum to abu hamed. they claim to be of the koreish tribe and even trace descent from abbas, uncle of the prophet. they are of arab origin, but now of very mixed blood. according to their own tradition they emigrated to nubia in the 12th century. they were at one time subject to the funj kings, but their position was in a measure independent. at the egyptian invasion in 1820 they were the most powerful of arab tribes in the nile valley. they submitted at first, but in 1822 rebelled and massacred the egyptian garrison at shendi. the revolt was mercilessly suppressed, and the ja'alin were thenceforward looked on with suspicion. they were almost the first of the northern tribes to join the mahdi in 1884, and it was their position to the north of khartum which made communication with general gordon so difficult. the ja'alin are now a semi-nomad agricultural people. many are employed in khartum as servants, scribes and watchmen. they are a proud religious people, formerly notorious as cruel slave dealers. j. l. burckhardt says the true ja'alin from the eastern desert is exactly like the bedouin of eastern arabia. see _the anglo-egyptian sudan_, edited by count gleichen (london, 1905).",
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