ITHACA

ithaca, a city and the county-seat of tompkins county, new york, u.s.a., at the southern end of cayuga lake, 60 m. s.w. of syracuse. pop. (1890) 11,079, (1900) 13,136, of whom 1310 were foreign-born, (1910 census) 14,802. it is served by the delaware, lackawanna & western and the lehigh valley railways and by inter-urban electric line; and steamboats ply on the lake. most of the city is in the level valley, from which it spreads up the heights on the south, east and west. the finest residential district is east hill, particularly cornell and cayuga heights (across fall creek from the cornell campus). renwick beach, at the head of the lake, is a pleasure resort. the neighbouring region is one of much beauty, and is frequented by summer tourists. near the city are many waterfalls, the most notable being taughannock falls (9 m. n.), with a fall of 215 ft. through the city from the east run fall, cascadilla and six mile creeks, the first two of which have cut deep gorges and have a number of cascades and waterfalls, the largest, ithaca fall in fall creek, being 120 ft. high. six mile creek crosses the south side of the city and empties into cayuga inlet, which crosses the western and lower districts, often inundated in the spring. the inlet receives the waters of a number of small streams descending from the south-western hills. among the attractions in this direction are buttermilk falls and ravine, on the outskirts of the city, lick brook falls and glen and enfield falls and glen, the last 7 m. distant. fall creek furnishes good water-power. the city has various manufactures, including fire-arms, calendar clocks, traction engines, electrical appliances, patent chains, incubators, autophones, artesian well drills, salt, cement, window glass and wall-paper. the value of the factory product increased from $1,500,604 in 1900 to $2,080,002 in 1905, or 38.6%. ithaca is also a farming centre and coal market, and much fruit is grown in the vicinity. the city is best known as the seat of cornell university (q.v.). it has also the ezra cornell free library of about 28,000 volumes, the ithaca conservatory of music, the cascadilla school and the ithaca high school. ithaca was settled about 1789, the name being given to it by simeon de witt in 1806. it was incorporated as a village in 1821, and was chartered as a city in 1888. at buttermilk falls stood the principal village of the tutelo indians, coreorgonel, settled in 1753 and destroyed in 1779 by a detachment of sullivan's force. itinerarium (i.e. road-book, from lat. _iter_, road), a term applied to the extant descriptions of the ancient roman roads and routes of traffic, with the stations and distances. it is usual to distinguish two classes of these, _itineraria adnotata_ or _scripta_ and _itineraria picta_--the former having the character of a book, and the latter being a kind of travelling map. of the itineraria scripta the most important are: (1) _it. antonini_ (see antonini itinerarium), which consists of two parts, the one dealing with roads in europe, asia and africa, and the other with familiar sea-routes--the distances usually being measured from rome; (2) _it. hierosolymitanum_ or _burdigalense_, which belongs to the 4th century, and contains the route of a pilgrimage from bordeaux to jerusalem and from heraclea by rome to milan (ed. g. parthey and m. pinder, 1848, with the _itinerarium antonini_); (3) _it. alexandria_ containing a sketch of the march-route of alexander the great, mainly derived from arrian and prepared for constantius's expedition in a.d. 340-345 against the persians (ed. d. volkmann, 1871). a collected edition of the ancient itineraria, with ten maps, was issued by fortia d'urban, _recueil des itineraires anciens_ (1845). of the itineraria picta only one great example has been preserved. this is the famous _tabula peutingeriana_, which, without attending to the shape or relative position of the countries, represents by straight lines and dots of various sizes the roads and towns of the whole roman world (facsimile published by k. miller, 1888; see also map).