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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:ireton:60a26f1f1785",
    "title": "IRETON",
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    "verified_text": "ireton, henry (1611-1651), english parliamentary general, eldest son of german ireton of attenborough, nottinghamshire, was baptized on the 3rd of november 1611, became a gentleman commoner of trinity college, oxford, in 1626, graduated b.a. in 1629, and entered the middle temple the same year. on the outbreak of the civil war he joined the parliamentary army, fought at edgehill and at gainsborough in july 1643, was made by cromwell deputy-governor of the isle of ely, and next year served under manchester in the yorkshire campaign and at the second battle of newbury, afterwards supporting cromwell in his accusations of incompetency against the general. on the night before the battle of naseby, in june 1645, he succeeded in surprising the royalist army and captured many prisoners, and next day, on the suggestion of cromwell, he was made commissary-general and appointed to the command of the left wing, cromwell himself commanding the right. the wing under ireton was completely broken by the impetuous charge of rupert, and ireton was wounded and taken prisoner, but after the rout of the enemy which ensued on the successful charge of cromwell he regained his freedom. he was present at the siege of bristol in the september following, and took an active part in the subsequent victorious campaign which resulted in the overthrow of the royal cause. on the 30th of october 1645 ireton entered parliament as member for appleby, and while occupied with the siege of oxford he was, on the 15th of june 1646, married to bridget, daughter of oliver cromwell. this union brought ireton into still closer connexion with cromwell, with whose career he was now more completely identified. but while cromwell's policy was practically limited to making the best of the present situation, and was generally inclined to compromise, ireton's attitude was based on well-grounded principles of statesmanship. he was opposed to the destructive schemes of the extreme party, disliked especially the abstract and unpractical theories of the republicans and the levellers, and desired, while modifying their mutual powers, to retain the constitution of king, lords and commons. he urged these views in the negotiations of the army with the parliament, and in the conferences with the king, being the person chiefly entrusted with the drawing up of the army proposals, including the manifesto called \"the heads of the proposals.\" he endeavoured to prevent the breach between the army and the parliament, but when the division became inevitable took the side of the former. he persevered in supporting the negotiations with the king till his action aroused great suspicion and unpopularity. he became at length convinced of the hopelessness of dealing with charles, and after the king's flight to the isle of wight treated his further proposals with coldness and urged the parliament to establish an administration without him. ireton served under fairfax in the second civil war in the campaigns in kent and essex, and was responsible for the executions of lucas and lisle at colchester. after the rejection by the king of the last offers of the army, he showed special zeal in bringing about his trial, was one of the chief promoters of \"pride's purge,\" attended the court regularly, and signed the death-warrant. the regiment of ireton having been chosen by lot to accompany cromwell in his irish campaign, ireton was appointed major-general; and on the recall of his chief to take the command in scotland, he remained with the title and powers of lord-deputy to complete cromwell's work of reduction and replantation. this he proceeded to do with his usual energy, and as much by the severity of his methods of punishment as by his military skill was rapidly bringing his task to a close, when he died on the 26th of november 1651 of fever after the capture of limerick. his loss \"struck a great sadness into cromwell,\" and perhaps there was no one of the parliamentary leaders who could have been less spared, for while he possessed very high abilities as a soldier, and great political penetration and insight, he resembled in stern unflinchingness of purpose the protector himself. by his wife, bridget cromwell, who married afterwards general charles fleetwood, ireton left one son and three daughters. bibliography.--article by c. h firth in _dict. of nat. biog._ with authorities there quoted; wood's _ath. oxon._ iii. 298, and _fasti_, i. 451; cornelius brown's _lives of notts worthies_, 181; _clarke papers_ published by camden society; gardiner's _history of the civil war and of the commonwealth_. iriarte (or yriarte) y oropesa, tomas de (1750-1791), spanish poet, was born on the 18th of september 1750, at orotava in the island of teneriffe, and received his literary education at madrid under the care of his uncle, juan de iriarte, librarian to the king of spain. in his eighteenth year the nephew began his literary career by translating french plays for the royal theatre, and in 1770, under the anagram of tirso imarete, he published an original comedy entitled _hacer que hacemos_. in the following year he became official translator at the foreign office, and in 1776 keeper of the records in the war department. in 1780 appeared a dull didactic poem in _silvas_ entitled _la musica_, which attracted some attention in italy as well as at home. the _fabulas literarias_ (1781), with which his name is most intimately associated, are composed in a great variety of metres, and show considerable ingenuity in their humorous attacks on literary men and methods; but their merits have been greatly exaggerated. during his later years, partly in consequence of the _fabulas_, iriarte was absorbed in personal controversies, and in 1786 was reported to the inquisition for his sympathies with the french philosophers. he died on the 17th of september 1791. he is the subject of an exhaustive monograph (1897) by emilio cotarelo y mori. iridaceae (the iris family), in botany, a natural order of flowering plants belonging to the series liliiflorae of the class monocotyledons, containing about 800 species in 57 genera, and widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. the members of this order are generally perennial herbs growing from a corm as in _crocus_ and _gladiolus_, or a rhizome as in _iris_; more rarely, as in the spanish iris, from a bulb. a few south african representatives have a shrubby habit. the flowers are hermaphrodite and regular as in _iris_ (fig. 1) and _crocus_ (fig. 3), or with a symmetry in the median plane as in _gladiolus_. the petaloid perianth consists of two series, each with three members, which are joined below into a longer or shorter tube, followed by one whorl of three stamens; the inferior ovary is three-celled and contains numerous ovules on an axile placenta; the style is branched and the branches are often petaloid. the fruit (fig. 2) is a capsule opening between the partitions and containing generally a large number of roundish or angular seeds. the arrangement of the parts in the flower resembles that in the nearly allied order amaryllidaceae (_narcissus_, _snowdrop_, &c.), but differs in the absence of the inner whorl of stamens. [illustration: fig. 1.--yellow iris, _iris pseudacorus_. 1. flower, from which the outer petals and the stigmas have been removed, leaving the inner petals (a) and stamens. 2. pistil with petaloid stigmas. 3. fruit cut across showing the three chambers containing seeds. 4. a seed. 1-4 about 1/2 nat. size.] [illustration: fig. 2.--seed-vessel (capsule) of the flower-de-luce (_iris_), opening in a loculicidal manner. the three valves bear the septa in the centre and the opening takes place through the back of the chambers. each valve is formed by the halves of contiguous carpels.] [illustration: fig. 3.--1. crocus in flower, reduced. 2. flower dissected. b, b', upper and lower membranous spathe-like bracts; c, tube of perianth; d, ovary; e, style; f, stigmas.] the most important genera are _crocus_ (q.v.), with about 70 species, _iris_ (q.v.), with about 100, and _gladiolus_ (q.v.), with 150. _ixia_, _freesia_ (q.v.) and _tritonia_ (including _montbretia_), all natives of south africa, are well known in cultivation. _sisyrinchium_, blue-eyed grass, is a new-world genus extending from arctic america to patagonia and the falkland isles. one species, _s. angustifolium_, an arctic and temperate north american species, is also native in galway and kerry in ireland. other british representatives of the order are: _iris pseudacorus_, (yellow iris), common by river-banks and ditches, _i. foetidissima (stinking iris), _gladiolus communis_, a rare plant found in the new forest and the isle of wight, and _romulea columnae_, a small plant with narrow recurved leaves a few inches long and a short scape bearing one or more small regular funnel-shaped flowers, which occurs at dawlish in devonshire. iridium (symbol ir.; atomic weight 193.1), one of the metals of the platinum group, discovered in 1802 by smithson tennant during the examination of the residue left when platinum ores are dissolved in _aqua regia_; the element occurs in platinum ores in the form of alloys of platinum and iridium, and of osmium and iridium. many methods have been devised for the separation of these metals (see platinum), one of the best being that of h. st. c deville and h. j. debray (_comptes rendus_, 1874, 78, p. 1502). in this process the osmiridium is fused with zinc and the excess of zinc evaporated; the residue is then ignited with barium nitrate, extracted with water and boiled with nitric acid. the iridium is then precipitated from the solution (as oxide) by the addition of baryta, dissolved in _aqua regia_, and precipitated as iridium ammonium chloride by the addition of ammonium chloride. the double chloride is fused with nitre, the melt extracted with water and the residue fused with lead, the excess of lead being finally removed by solution in nitric acid and _aqua regia_. it is a brittle metal of specific gravity 22.4 (deville and debray), and is only fusible with great difficulty. it may be obtained in the spongy form by igniting iridium ammonium chloride, and this variety of the metal readily oxidizes when heated in air. two oxides of iridium are known, namely the _sesquioxide_, ir2o3, and the _dioxide_, iro2, corresponding to which there are two series of salts, the sesqui-salts and the iridic salts; a third series of salts is also known (the iridious salts) derived from an oxide iro. _iridium sesquioxide_, ir2o3, is obtained when potassium iridium chloride is heated with sodium or potassium carbonates, in a stream of carbon dioxide. it is a bluish-black powder which at high temperatures decomposes into the metal, dioxide and oxygen. the hydroxide, ir(oh)3, may be obtained by the addition of caustic potash to iridium sodium chloride, the mixture being then heated with alcohol. _iridium dioxide_, iro2, may be obtained as small needles by heating the metal to bright redness in a current of oxygen (g. geisenheimer, _comptes rendus_, 1890, 110, p. 855). the corresponding hydroxide, ir(oh)4, is formed when potassium iridate is boiled with ammonium chloride, or when the tetrachloride is boiled with caustic potash or sodium carbonate. it is an indigo-blue powder, soluble in hydrochloric acid, but insoluble in dilute nitric and sulphuric acids. on the oxides see l. wohler and w. witzmann, _zeit. anorg. chem._ (1908), 57, p. 323. _iridium sesquichloride_, ircl3, is obtained when one of the corresponding double chlorides is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, the mixture being then thrown into water. it is thus obtained as an olive green precipitate which is insoluble in acids and alkalis. _potassium iridium sesquichloride_, k3ircl6.3h2o, is obtained by passing sulphur dioxide into a suspension of potassium chloriridate in water until all dissolves, and then adding potassium carbonate to the solution (c. claus, _jour. prak. chem._, 1847, 42, p. 351). it forms green prisms which are readily soluble in water. similar sodium and ammonium compounds are known. _iridium tetrachloride_, ircl4, is obtained by dissolving the finely divided metal in _aqua regia_; by dissolving the hydroxide in hydrochloric acid; and by digesting the hydrated sesquichloride with nitric acid. on evaporating the solution (not above 40 deg. c.) a dark mass is obtained, which contains a little sesquichloride. it forms double chlorides with the alkaline chlorides. for a bromide see a. gautbier and m. riess, _ber._, 1909, 42, p. 3905. _iridium sulphide_, irs, is obtained when the metal is ignited in sulphur vapour. the _sesquisulphide_, ir2s3, is obtained as a brown precipitate when sulphuretted hydrogen is passed into a solution of one of the sesqui-salts. it is slightly soluble in potassium sulphide. the _disulphide_, irs2, is formed when powdered iridium is heated with sulphur and an alkaline carbonate. it is a dark brown powder. iridium forms many ammine derivatives, which are analogous to the corresponding platinum compounds (see m. skoblikoff, _jahresb._, 1852, p. 428; w. palmer, _ber._, 1889, 22, p. 15; 1890, 23, p. 3810; 1891, 24, p. 2090; _zeit. anorg. chem._, 1896, 13, p. 211). iridium is always determined quantitatively by conversion into the metallic state. the atomic weight of the element has been determined in various ways, c. seubert (_ber._, 1878, 11, p. 1770), by the analysis of potassium chloriridate obtaining the value 192.74, and a. joly (_comptes rendus_, 1890, 110, p. 1131) from analyses of potassium and ammonium chloriridites, the value 191.78 (o = 15.88).",
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