IMAM

imam, an arabic word, meaning "leader" or "guide" in the sense of a "pattern whose example is followed, whether for good or bad." thus it is applied to the koran, to a builder's level and plumb-line, to a road, to a school-boy's daily task, to a written record. it is used in several of these, senses in the koran, but specifically several times of leaders and (ii. 118) of abraham, "lo, i make thee a pattern for mankind." _imam_ thus became the name of the head of the moslem community, whose leadership and patternhood, as in the case of mahomet himself, is to be regarded as of the widest description. his duty is to be the lieutenant, the caliph (q.v.) of the prophet, to guard the faith and maintain the government of the state. round the origin and basis of his office all controversies as to the moslem state centre. the sunnites hold that it is for men to appoint and that the basis is obedience to the general usage of the moslem peoples from the earliest times. the necessity for leaders has always been recognized, and a leader has always been appointed. the basis is thus agreement in the technical sense (see mahommedan law), not koran nor tradition from mahomet nor analogy. the shi'ites in general hold that the appointment lies with god, through the prophet or otherwise, and that he always has appointed. the kharijites theoretically recognize no absolute need of an imam; he is convenient and allowable. the motazilites held that reason, not agreement, dictated the appointment. another distinction between the sunnites and the shi'ites is that the sunnites regard the imam as liable to err, and to be obeyed even though he personally sins, provided he maintains the ordinances of islam. effective leadership is the essential point. but the shi'ites believe that the divinely appointed imam is also divinely illumined and preserved (_ma'sum_) from sin. the above is called the greater imamate. the lesser imamate is the leadership in the friday prayers. this was originally performed by the imam in the first sense, who not only led in prayers but delivered a sermon (_khutba_); but with the growth of the moslem empire and the retirement of the caliph from public life, it was necessarily given over to a deputy--part of a gradual process of putting the imamate or caliphate into commission. these deputy imams are, in turkey, ministers of the state, each in charge of his own parish; they issue passports, &c., and perform the rites of circumcision, marriage and burial. in persia among shi'ites their position is more purely spiritual, and they are independent of the state. a few of their leaders are called _mujtahids_, i.e. capable of giving an independent opinion on questions of religion and canon law. a third use of the term imam is as an honorary title. it is thus applied to leading theologians, e.g. to abu hanifa, ash-shafi'i, malik ibn anas, ahmad ibn hanbal (these are called "the four imams"), ghazali. see mcg. de slane's transl. of ibn khaldun's _prolegomenes_, i. 384 seq., 402 seq., 426 seq., 445; iii. 35, 58 seq.; ostrorog's transl. of mawardi's _ahkam_ i. 89 seq.; haarbrucker's transl. of shahrastani by index; juynboll's _de mohammedanische wet_, 316 seq.; sell's _faith of islam_, 95 seq.; macdonald's _development of muslim theology_, 56 seq. (d. b. ma.) imbecile (through the french from lat. _imbecillus_ or _imbecillis_, weak, feeble; of unknown origin), weak or feeble, particularly in mind. the term "imbecility" is used conventionally of a condition of mental degeneration less profound than "idiotcy" (see insanity). imbrex (latin for "tile"), in architecture the term given to the covering tile of the ancient roof: the plain tile is turned up on each side and the imbrex covers the joint. in the simpler type of roof the imbrex is semicircular, but in some of the greek temples it has vertical sides and an angular top. in the temple of apollo at bassae, where the tiles were in parian marble, the imbrex on one side of the tile and the tile were worked in one piece out of the solid marble.