HUGUES

hugues, clovis (1851-1907), french poet and socialist, was born at menerbes in vaucluse on the 3rd of november 1851. he studied for the priesthood, but did not take orders. for some revolutionary articles in the local papers of marseilles he was condemned in 1871 to three years' imprisonment and a fine of 6000 francs. in 1877 he fought a duel in which he killed his adversary, a rival journalist. elected deputy by marseilles in the general elections of 1881, he was at that time the sole representative of the socialist party in the chambers. he was re-elected in 1885, and in 1893 became one of the deputies for paris, retaining his seat until 1906. he died on the 11th of june 1907. his poems, novels and comedies are full of wit and exuberant vitality. his principal works are: _poemes de prison_ (1875), written during his detention, _soirs de bataille_ (1883); _jours de combat_ (1883); and _le travail_ (1889); the novels, _madame phaeton_ (1885) and _monsieur le gendarme_ (1891); and the dramas, _une etoile_ (1888) and _le sommeil de danton_ (1888). huichol (pronounced veetchol--a corruption of the native name _vishalika_ or _virarika_, doctors or healers), a tribe of mexican indians living in a mountainous region on the eastern side of the chapalagana river, jalisco. huichol tradition assigns the south as their place of origin. their name of "healers" is deserved, for about one-fourth of the men are shamans. the huichols are in much the same social condition as at the time of the aztec empire. they were conquered by the spaniards in 1722. for full description of the people and their habits see carl lumholtz, _unknown mexico_ (1903).