HUFELAND

hufeland, gottlieb (1760-1817), german economist and jurist, was born at dantzig on the 19th of october 1760. he was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and completed his university studies at leipzig and gottingen. he graduated at jena, and in 1788 was there appointed to an extraordinary professorship. five years later he was made ordinary professor. his lectures on natural law, in which he developed with great acuteness and skill the formal principles of the kantian theory of legislation, attracted a large audience, and contributed to raise to its height the fame of the university of jena, then unusually rich in able teachers. in 1803, after the secession of many of his colleagues from jena, hufeland accepted a call to wurzburg, from which, after but a brief tenure of a professorial chair, he proceeded to landshut. from 1808 to 1812 he acted as burgomaster in his native town of dantzig. returning to landshut, he lived there till 1816, when he was invited to halle, where he died on the 25th of february 1817. hufeland's works on the theory of legislation--_versuch uber den grundsatz naturrechts_ (1785); _lehrbuch des naturrechts_ (1790); _institutionen des gesammten positiven rechts_ (1798); and _lehrbuch der geschichte und encyclopadie aller in deutschland geltenden positiven rechte_ (1790), are distinguished by precision of statement and clearness of deduction. they form on the whole the best commentary upon kant's _rechtslehre_, the principles of which they carry out in detail, and apply to the discussion of positive laws. in political economy hufeland's chief work is the _neue grundlegung der staatswirthschaftskunst_ (2 vols., 1807 and 1813), the second volume of which has the special title, _lehre vom gelde und geldumlaufe_. the principles of this work are for the most part those of adam smith's _wealth of nations_, which were then beginning to be accepted and developed in germany; but both in his treatment of fundamental notions, such as economic good and value, and in details, such as the theory of money, hufeland's treatment has a certain originality. two points in particular seem deserving of notice. hufeland was the first among german economists to point out the profit of the _entrepreneur_ as a distinct species of revenue with laws peculiar to itself. he also tends towards, though he does not explicitly state, the view that rent is a general term applicable to all payments resulting from differences of degree among productive forces of the same order. thus the superior gain of a specially gifted workman or specially skilled employer is in time assimilated to the payment for a natural agency of more than the minimum efficiency. see roscher, _geschichte der nationalokonomik in deutschland_, 654-662.