HOZIER

hozier, pierre d', seigneur de la garde (1592-1660), french genealogist, was born at marseilles on the 10th of july 1592. in 1616 he entered upon some very extensive researches into the genealogy of the noble families of the kingdom, in which work he was aided by his prodigious memory for dates, names and family relationships, as well as by his profound knowledge of heraldry. in 1634 he was appointed historiographer and genealogist of france, and in 1641 _juge d'armes_ of france, an officer corresponding nearly to the garter king-of-arms in england. in 1643 he was employed to verify the claims to nobility of the pages and equerries of the king's household. he accumulated a large number of documents, but published comparatively little, his principal works being _recueil armorial des anciennes maisons de bretagne_ (1638); _les noms, surnoms, qualitez, armes et blasons des chevaliers et officiers de l'ordre du saint-esprit_ (1634); and the genealogies of the houses of la rochefoucauld (1654), bournonville (1657) and amanze (1659). he was renowned as much for his uprightness as for his knowledge, no slight praise in a profession exposed to so many temptations to fraud. he died in paris on the 1st of december 1660. at his death his collections comprised more than 150 volumes or portfolios of documents and papers relating to the genealogy of the principal families in france. of his six sons, only two survived him. his eldest son, louis roger d'hozier (1634-1708), succeeded him as _juge d'armes_, but became blind in 1675, and was obliged to surrender his office to his brother. charles rene d'hozier (1640-1732), younger son of pierre, was the true continuator of his father. in addition to his commentary appended to antoine varillas's history of king charles ix. (1686 ed.), he published _recherches sur la noblesse de champagne_ (1673). on the promulgation in 1696 of an edict directing all who had armorial bearings to register them on payment of 20 livres, he was employed to collect the declarations returned in the various _generalites_, and established the _armorial general de france_. this work, which contained not only the armorial bearings of noble families, but also of those commoners who were entitled to bear arms, is not complete, inasmuch as many refused to register their arms, either from vanity or from a desire to evade the fee. the collection (now in the bibliotheque nationale) consists of 34 volumes of text and 35 of coloured armorial bearings, and in spite of its deficiencies is a useful store of information for the history of the old french families. it contains 60,000 names, grouped according to provinces and provincial subdivisions. the sections relating to burgundy and franche-comte were published by henri bouchot (1875-1876): those relating to the _generalite_ of limoges, by moreau de pravieux (1895); and those for the _election_ of reims, by p. gosset (1903). in 1717, in consequence of a quarrel with his nephew louis pierre, son of louis roger, charles sold his collection to the king. it then comprised 160 portfolios of genealogical papers arranged alphabetically, 175 volumes of documents, and numerous printed books profusely annotated. in 1720 it was inventoried by p. de clairambault, who added a certain number of genealogies taken from the papers of f. r. de gaignieres, increasing the total to 217 boxes and portfolios. thus originated the _cabinet des titres_ of the bibliotheque nationale. charles subsequently became reconciled to his nephew, to whom he left all the papers he had accumulated from the date of the quarrel until his death, which occurred in paris on the 13th of february 1732. louis pierre d'hozier (1685-1767), son of louis roger, succeeded his uncle charles as _juge d'armes_. he published the _armorial general, ou registre de la noblesse de france_ (10 vols., 1738-1768), which must not be confounded with the publication mentioned above, inasmuch as it related solely to noble families and was not an official collection. complete copies of this work, which should contain six _registres_, are comparatively rare. a seventh _registre_, forming vol. xi., prepared by ambroise louis marie, nephew of louis pierre, was published in 1847 by comte charles d'hozier. louis pierre died on the 25th of september 1767. his eldest son, antoine marie d'hozier de serigny (1721-c. 1810), was his father's collaborator and continuator; and his fourth son, jean francois louis, wrote an account of the knights of st michael in the province of poitou, which was published in 1896 by the vicomte p. de chabot. his nephew, ambroise louis marie d'hozier (1764-1846), was the last of the _juges d'armes_ of france. he held the position of president of the _cour des comptes, aides et finances_ of normandy, and was therefore generally known as president d'hozier, to distinguish him from the other members of the family. after the restoration he was employed to verify french armorial bearings for the _conseil du sceau des titres_. he died in obscurity. his collection, which was purchased in 1851 by the bibliotheque nationale, comprised 136 volumes, 165 portfolios of documents and 200 packets of extracts from title-deeds, known as the _carres d'hozier_. abraham charles auguste d'hozier (1775-1846), who also belonged to his family, was implicated in the conspiracy of georges cadoudal, and was condemned to death, but bonaparte spared his life. he did not, however, recover his liberty until after the fall of the emperor, and died at versailles on the 24th of august 1846. (c. b.*) hrabanus maurus magnentius (c. 776-856), archbishop of mainz, and one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the carolingian age, was born of noble parents at mainz. less correct forms of his name are rabanus and rhabanus. the date of his birth is uncertain, but in 801 he received deacon's orders at fulda, where he had been sent to school; in the following year, at the instance of ratgar, his abbot, he went together with haimon (afterwards of halberstadt) to complete his studies at tours under alcuin, who in recognition of his diligence and purity gave him the surname of maurus, after st maur the favourite disciple of benedict. returning after the lapse of two years to fulda, he was entrusted with the principal charge of the school, which under his direction rose into a state of great efficiency for that age, and sent forth such pupils as walafrid strabo, servatus lupus of ferieres and otfrid of weissenburg. at this period it is most probable that his _excerptio_ from the grammar of priscian, long so popular as a text-book during the middle ages, was compiled. in 814 he was ordained a priest; but shortly afterwards, apparently on account of disagreement with ratgar, he was compelled to withdraw for a time from fulda. this "banishment" is understood to have occasioned the pilgrimage to palestine to which he alludes in his commentary on joshua. he returned to fulda on the election of a new abbot (eigil) in 817, upon whose death in 822 he himself became abbot. the duties of this office he discharged with efficiency and success until 842, when, in order to secure greater leisure for literature and for devotion, he resigned and retired to the neighbouring cloister of st peter's. in 847 he was again constrained to enter public life by his election to succeed otgar in the archbishopric of mainz, which see he occupied for upwards of eight years. the principal incidents of historical interest belonging to this period of his life were those which arose out of his relations to gottschalk (q.v.): they may be regarded as thoroughly typical of that cruel intolerance which he shared with all his contemporaries, and also of that ardent zeal which was peculiar to himself; but they hardly do justice to the spirit of kindly benevolence which in less trying circumstances he was ever ready to display. he died at winkel on the rhine, on the 4th of february 856. he is frequently referred to as st rabanus, but incorrectly. his voluminous works, many of which remain unpublished, comprise commentaries on a considerable number of the books both of canonical and of apocryphal scripture (genesis to judges, ruth, kings, chronicles, judith, esther, canticles, proverbs, wisdom, ecclesiasticus, jeremiah, lamentations, ezekiel, maccabees, matthew, the epistles of st paul, including hebrews); and various treatises relating to doctrinal and practical subjects, including more than one series of homilies. perhaps the most important is that _de institutione clericorum_, in three books, by which he did much to bring into prominence the views of augustine and gregory the great as to the training which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical function; the most popular has been a comparatively worthless tract _de laudibus sanctae crucis_. among the others may be mentioned the _de universo libri xxii., sive etymologiarum opus_, a kind of dictionary or encyclopaedia, designed as a help towards the historical and mystical interpretation of scripture, the _de sacris ordinibus_, the _de disciplina ecclesiastica_ and the _martyrologium_. all of them are characterized by erudition (he knew even some greek and hebrew) rather than by originality of thought. the poems are of singularly little interest or value, except as including one form of the "veni creator." in the annals of german philology a special interest attaches to the _glossaria latino-theodisca_. a commentary, _super porphyrium_, printed by cousin in 1836 among the _ouvrages inedits d'abelard_, and assigned both by that editor and by haureau to hrabanus maurus, is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple. the first nominally complete edition of the works of hrabanus maurus was that of colvener (cologne, 6 vols. fol., 1627). the _opera omnia_ form vols. cvii.-cxii. of migne's _patrologiae cursus completus_. the _de universo_ is the subject of _compendium der naturwissenschaften an der schule zu fulda im ix. jahrhundert_ (berlin, 1880). maurus is the subject of monographs by schwarz (_de rhabano mauro primo germaniae praeceptore_, 1811), kunstmann (_historische monographie uber hrabanus magnentius maurus_, 1841), spengler (_leben des heil. rhabanus maurus_, 1856) and kohler (_rhabanus maurus u. die schule zu fulda_, 1870). _lives_ by his disciple rudolphus and by joannes trithemius are printed in the cologne edition of the _opera_. see also pertz, _monum. germ. hist._ (i. and ii.); bahr, _gesch. d. romischen literatur im karoling. zeitalter_ (1840), and hauck's article in the herzog-hauck _realencyklopadie_, ed. 3.