HOWITT WILLIAM

howitt william, (1792-1879), english author, was born on the 18th of december 1792 at heanor, derbyshire. his parents were quakers, and he was educated at the friends' public school at ackworth, yorkshire. in 1814 he published a poem on the "influence of nature and poetry on national spirit." he married, in 1821, mary botham (1799-1888), like himself a quaker and a poet. william and mary howitt collaborated throughout a long literary career, the first of their joint productions being _the forest minstrels and other poems_ (1821). in 1831 william howitt produced a work for which his habits of observation and his genuine love of nature peculiarly fitted him. it was a history of the changes in the face of the outside world in the different months of the year, and was entitled _the book of the seasons, or the calendar of nature_ (1831). his _popular history of priestcraft_ (1833) won for him the favour of active liberals and the office of alderman in nottingham, where the howitts had made their home. they removed in 1837 to esher, and in 1840 they went to heidelberg, primarily for the education of their children, remaining in germany for two years. in 1841 william howitt produced, under the pseudonym of "dr cornelius," _the student life of germany_, the first of a series of works on german social life and institutions. mary howitt devoted herself to scandinavian literature, and between 1842 and 1863 she translated the novels of frederika bremer and many of the stories of hans andersen. with her husband she wrote in 1852 _the literature and romance of northern europe_. in june of that year william howitt, with two of his sons, set sail for australia, where he spent two years in the goldfields. the results of his travels appeared in _a boy's adventures in the wilds of australia_ (1854), _land, labour and gold; or, two years in victoria_ (1855) and _tallangetta, the squatter's home_ (1857). on his return to england howitt had settled at highgate and resumed his indefatigable book-making. from 1856 to 1862 he was engaged on cassell's _illustrated history of england_, and from 1861 to 1864 he and his wife worked at the _ruined abbeys and castles of great britain_. the howitts had left the society of friends in 1847, and became interested in spiritualism. in 1863 appeared _the history of the supernatural in all ages and nations, and in all churches, christian and pagan, demonstrating a universal faith_, by william howitt. he added "his own conclusions from a practical examination of the higher phenomena through a course of seven years." from 1870 onwards howitt spent the summers in tirol and the winters in rome, where he died on the 3rd of march 1879. mary howitt was much affected by his death, and in 1882 she joined the roman catholic church, towards which she had been gradually moving during her connexion with spiritualism. she died at rome on the 30th of january 1888. the howitts are remembered for their untiring efforts to provide wholesome and instructive literature. their son, alfred william howitt, made himself a name by his explorations in australia. anna mary howitt married alaric alfred watts, and was the author of _pioneers of the spiritual reformation_ (1883). mary howitt's autobiography was edited by her daughter, margaret howitt, in 1889. william howitt wrote some fifty books, and his wife's publications, inclusive of translations, number over a hundred. howitzer (derived, through an earlier form _howitz_, and the ger. _haubitz_, from the bohemian _houfnice_ = catapult, from which come also, through the ital. _obiza_ or _obice_, the french forms _obus_ = shell and _obusier_ = howitzer), a form of mobile ordnance in use from the 16th century up to the present day. it is a short and therefore comparatively light gun, which fires a heavy projectile at low velocity. a high angle of elevation is always given and the angle of descent of the projectile is consequently steep (up to 70 deg.). on this fact is based the tactical use of the modern howitzer. the field howitzer is of the greatest value for "searching" trenches, folds of ground, localities, &c., which are invulnerable to direct fire, while the more powerful siege howitzer has, since the introduction of modern artillery and, above all, of modern projectiles, taken the foremost place amongst the weapons used in siege warfare. see artillery, ordnance and fortification and siegecraft.