HOUWALD

houwald, christoph ernst, freiherr von (1778-1845), german dramatist and author, was born at straupitz in lower lusatia, a son of the president of the district court of justice, on the 28th of november 1778. he studied law at the university of halle, and on completion of his academic studies returned home, married, and managed the family estates. in 1816 he afforded a home to his friend k. w. s. contessa (1777-1825), himself a poet, who had met with serious reverses of fortune; contessa lived with houwald, assisting and stimulating him in his literary work, for eight years. in 1821 houwald was unanimously elected syndic for lower lusatia, an office which placed him at the head of the administration of the province. he died at neuhaus, near lubben, on the 28th of january 1845. houwald is remembered as the author of several so-called "fate tragedies" (see german literature), of which the best known are _das bild_, _der leuchtturm_, _die heimkehr_, _fluch und segen_ (all published in 1821). they have, however, small literary value, and houwald is seen to better advantage in his narratives and books for juvenile readers, such as _romantische akkorde_ (publ. by w. contessa, berlin, 1817); _buch fur kinder gebildeter stande_ (1819-1824); and _jakob thau, der hofnarr_ (1821). houwald's collected works, _samtliche werke_, were published in five volumes (leipzig, 1851; 2nd ed., 1858-1859). see j. minor, _die schicksalstragodie in ihren hauptvertretern_ (frankfurt, 1883), and _das schicksalsdrama_ in kurschner's _deutsche nationalliteratur_; vol. cli. (stuttgart, 1884); o. schmidtborn, _c. e. von houwald als dramatiker_ (1909).