HOOKER

hooker, sir joseph dalton (1817- ), english botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist sir w. j. hooker, was born on the 30th of june 1817, at halesworth, suffolk. he was educated at glasgow university, and almost immediately after taking his m.d. degree there in 1839 joined sir james ross's antarctic expedition, receiving a commission as assistant-surgeon on the "erebus." the botanical fruits of the three years he thus spent in the southern seas were the _flora antarctica_, _flora novae zelandiae_ and _flora tasmanica_, which he published on his return. his next expedition was to the northern frontiers of india (1847-1851), and the expenses in this case also were partially defrayed by the government. the party had its full share of adventure. hooker and his friend dr campbell were detained in prison for some time by the raja of sikkim, but nevertheless they were able to bring back important results, both geographical and botanical. their survey of hitherto unexplored regions was published by the calcutta trigonometrical survey office, and their botanical observations formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the sikkim himalaya and on the flora of india. among other journeys undertaken by hooker may be mentioned those to palestine (1860), morocco (1871), and the united states (1877), all yielding valuable scientific information. in the midst of all this travelling in foreign countries he quickly built up for himself a high scientific reputation at home. in 1855 he was appointed assistant-director of kew gardens, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full director, holding the post for twenty years. at the early age of thirty he was elected a fellow of the royal society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president; he received three of its medals--a royal in 1854, the copley in 1887 and the darwin in 1892. he acted as president of the british association at its norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of darwinian theories. of darwin, indeed, he was an early friend and supporter: it was he who, with lyell, first induced darwin to make his views public, and the author of _the origin of species_ has recorded his indebtedness to hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment. sir joseph hooker is the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books include, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard _student's flora of the british isles_ and a monumental work, the _genera plantarum_, based on the collections at kew, in which he had the assistance of bentham. on the publication of the last part of his _flora of british india_ in 1897 he was created g.c.s.i., of which order he had been made a knight commander twenty years before; and twenty years later, on attaining the age of ninety, he was awarded the order of merit.