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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "HOOKER",
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    "verified_text": "hooker, sir william jackson (1785-1865), english botanist, was born at norwich on the 6th of july 1785. his father, joseph hooker of exeter, a member of the same family as the celebrated richard hooker, devoted much of his time to the study of german literature and the cultivation of curious plants. the son was educated at the high school of norwich, on leaving which his independent means enabled him to travel and to take up as a recreation the study of natural history, especially ornithology and entomology. he subsequently confined his attention to botany, on the recommendation of sir james e. smith, whom he had consulted respecting a rare moss. his first botanical expedition was made in iceland, in the summer of 1809, at the suggestion of sir joseph banks; but the natural history specimens which he collected, with his notes and drawings, were lost on the homeward voyage through the burning of the ship, and the young botanist himself had a narrow escape with his life. a good memory, however, aided him to publish an account of the island, and of its inhabitants and flora (_tour in iceland_, 1809), privately circulated in 1811, and reprinted in 1813. in 1810-1811 he made extensive preparations, and sacrifices which proved financially serious, with a view to accompany sir r. brownrigg to ceylon, but the disturbed state of the island led to the abandonment of the projected expedition. in 1814 he spent nine months in botanizing excursions in france, switzerland and northern italy, and in the following year he married the eldest daughter of mr dawson turner, banker, of yarmouth. settling at halesworth, suffolk, he devoted himself to the formation of his herbarium, which became of world-wide renown among botanists. in 1816 appeared the _british jungermanniae_, his first scientific work, which was succeeded by a new edition of william curtis's _flora londinensis_, for which he wrote the descriptions (1817-1828); by a description of the _plantae cryptogamicae_ of a. von humboldt and a. bonpland; by the _muscologia britannica_, a very complete account of the mosses of great britain and ireland, prepared in conjunction with dr t. taylor (1818); and by his _musci exotici_ (2 vols., 1818-1820), devoted to new foreign mosses and other cryptogamic plants. in 1820 he accepted the regius professorship of botany in glasgow university where he soon became popular as a lecturer, his style being both clear and ready. the following year he brought out the _flora scotica_, in which the natural method of arrangement of british plants was given with the artificial. subsequently he prepared or edited many works, the more important being the following:-- _botanical illustrations_ (1822); _exotic flora_, indicating such of the specimens as are deserving cultivation (3 vols., 1822-1827); _account of sabine's arctic plants_ (1824); _catalogue of plants in the glasgow botanic garden_ (1825); the _botany of parry's third voyage_ (1826); _the botanical magazine_ (38 vols., 1827-1865); _icones filicum_, in concert with dr r. k. greville (2 vols., 1829-1831); _british flora_, of which several editions appeared, undertaken with dr g. a. w. arnott, &c. (1830); _british flora cryptogamia_ (1833); _characters of genera from the british flora_ (1830); _flora boreali-americana_ (2 vols., 1840), being the botany of british north america collected in sir j. franklin's voyage; _the journal of botany_ (4 vols., 1830-1842); _companion to the botanical magazine_ (2 vols., 1835-1836); _icones plantarum_ (10 vols., 1837-1854); the _botany of beechey's voyage to the pacific and behring's straits_ (with dr arnott, 1841); the _genera filicum_ (1842), from the original coloured drawings of f. bauer, with additions and descriptive letterpress; _the london journal of botany_ (7 vols., 1842-1848); _notes on the botany of the antarctic voyage of the erebus and terror_ (1843); _species filicum_ (5 vols., 1846-1864), the standard work on this subject; _a century of orchideae_ (1846); _journal of botany and kew garden miscellany_ (9 vols., 1849-1857); _niger flora_ (1849); _victoria regia_ (1851); _museums of economic botany at kew_ (1855); _filices exoticae_ (1857-1859); _the british ferns_ (1861-1862); _a century of ferns_ (1854); _a second century of ferns_ (1860-1861). it was mainly by hooker's exertions that botanists were appointed to the government expeditions. while his works were in progress his herbarium received large and valuable additions from all parts of the globe, and his position as a botanist was thus vastly improved. he was made a knight of hanover in 1836 and in 1841 he was appointed director of the royal botanical gardens at kew, on the resignation of w. t. aiton. under his direction the gardens expanded from 11 to 75 acres, with an arboretum of 270 acres, many new glass-houses were erected, and a museum of economic botany was established. he was engaged on the _synopsis filicum_ with j. g. baker when he was attacked by a throat disease then epidemic at kew, where he died on the 12th of august 1865.",
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