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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "HOLDERLIN",
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    "verified_text": "holderlin, johann christian friedrich (1770-1843), german poet, was born on the 20th of march 1770, at lauffen on the neckar. his mother removing, after a second marriage, to nurtingen, he began his education at the classical school there. he was destined by his relations for the church, and with this view was later admitted to the seminaries at denkendorf and maulbronn. at the age of eighteen he entered as a student of theology the university of tubingen, where he remained till 1793. he was already the writer of occasional verses, and had begun to sketch his novel _hyperion_, when he was introduced in this year to schiller, and obtained through him the post of tutor to the young son of charlotte von kalb. a year later he left this situation to attend fichte's lectures, and to be near schiller in jena. the latter recognized in the young poet something of his own genius, and encouraged him by publishing some of his early writings in his periodicals _die neue thalia_ and _die horen_. in 1796 holderlin obtained the post of tutor in the family of the banker j. f. gontard in frankfort-on-main. for gontard's beautiful and gifted wife, susette, the \"diotima\" of his _hyperion_, he conceived a violent passion; and she became at once his inspiration and his ruin. at the end of two years, during which time the first volume of _hyperion_ was published (1797), a crisis appears to have occurred in their relations, for the young poet suddenly left frankfort. in spite of ill-health, he now completed _hyperion_, the second volume of which appeared in 1799, and began a tragedy, _der tod des empedokles_, a fragment of which is published among his works. his friends became alarmed at the alternate depression and nervous irritability from which he suffered, and he was induced to go to switzerland, as tutor in a family at hauptwill. there his health improved; and several of his poems, among which are _der blinde sanger_, _an die hoffnung_ and _dichtermut_, were written at this time. in 1801 he returned home to arrange for the publication of a volume of his poems; but, on the failure of this enterprise, he was obliged to accept a tutorship at bordeaux. \"diotima\" died a year later, in june 1802, and the news is supposed to have reached holderlin shortly afterwards, for in the following month he suddenly left bordeaux, and travelled homewards on foot through france, arriving at nurtingen destitute and insane. kind treatment gradually alleviated his condition, and in lucid intervals he occupied himself by writing verses and translating greek plays. two of these translations--the _antigone_ and _oedipus rex_ of sophocles--appeared in 1804, and several of his short poems were published by franz k. l. von seckendorff in his _musenalmanach_, 1807 and 1808. in 1804 holderlin obtained the sinecure post of librarian to the landgrave frederick v. of hesse-homburg, and went to live in homburg under the supervision of friends; but two years later becoming irremediably but harmlessly insane, he was taken in the summer of 1807 to tubingen, where he remained till his death on the 7th of june 1843. holderlin's writings are the production of a beautiful and sensitive mind; but they are intensely, almost morbidly, subjective, and they lack real human strength. perhaps his strongest characteristic was his passion for greece, the result of which was that he almost entirely discarded rhyme in favour of the ancient verse measures. his poems are all short pieces; of his tragedy only a fragment was written. _hyperion, oder der eremit in griechenland_ (1797-1799), is a romance in letters, in which the stormy fervour of the \"sturm und drang\" is combined with a romantic enthusiasm for greek antiquity. the interest centres not in the story, for the novel has little or none--hyperion is a young greek who takes part in the rising of his people against the turks in 1770--but in its lyric subjectivity and the dithyrambic beauty of its language. holderlin's lyrics, _lyrische gedichte_, were edited by l. uhland and g. schwab in 1826. a complete edition of his works, _samtliche werke_, with a biography by c. t. schwab, appeared in 1846; also _dichtungen_ by k. kostlin (tubingen, 1884), and (the best edition) _gesammelte dichtungen_ by b. litzmann (2 vols., stuttgart, 1897). for biography and criticism, see c. c. t. litzmann, _f. holderlins leben_ (berlin, 1890), a. wilbrandt, _holderlin_ (2nd ed., berlin, 1891), and c. muller, _friedrich holderlin, sein leben und sein dichten_ (bremen, 1894).",
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