HILARION

hilarion, st (c. 290-371), abbot, the first to introduce the monastic system into palestine. the chief source of information is a life written by st jerome; it was based upon a letter, no longer extant, written by st epiphanius, who had known hilarion. the accounts in sozomen are mainly based on jerome's _vita_; but otto zocker has shown that sozomen also had at his disposal authentic local traditions (see "hilarion von gaza" in the _neue jahrbucher fur deutsche theologie_, 1894), the most important study on hilarion, which is written against the hypercritical school of weingarten and shows that hilarion must be accepted as an historical personage and the _vita_ as a substantially correct account of his career. he was born of heathen parents at tabatha near gaza about 290; he was sent to alexandria for his education and there became a convert to christianity; about 306 he visited st anthony and became his disciple, embracing the eremitical life. he returned to his native place and for many years lived as a hermit in the desert by the marshes on the egyptian border. many disciples put themselves under his guidance; but his influence must have been limited to south palestine, for there is no mention of him in palladius or cassian. in 356 he left palestine and went again to egypt; but the accounts given in the _vita_ of his travels during the last fifteen years of his life must be taken with extreme caution. it is there said that he went from egypt to sicily, and thence to epidaurus, and finally to cyprus where he met epiphanius and died in 371. an abridged story of his life will be found in alban butler's _lives of the saints_, on the 21st of october, and a critical sketch with full references in herzog-hauck, _realencyklopadie_ (ed. 3). (e. c. b.) hilarius (hilary[1]), st (c. 300-367), bishop of pictavium (poitiers), an eminent "doctor" of the western church, sometimes referred to as the "malleus arianorum" and the "athanasius of the west," was born at poitiers about the end of the 3rd century a.d. his parents were pagans of distinction. he received a good education, including what had even then become somewhat rare in the west, some knowledge of greek. he studied, later on, the old and new testament writings, with the result that he abandoned his neo-platonism for christianity, and with his wife and his daughter received the sacrament of baptism. so great was the respect in which he was held by the citizens of poitiers that about 353, although still a married man, he was unanimously elected bishop. at that time arianism was threatening to overrun the western church; to repel the irruption was the great task which hilary undertook. one of his first steps was to secure the excommunication, by those of the gallican hierarchy who still remained orthodox, of saturninus, the arian bishop of arles and of ursacius and valens, two of his prominent supporters. about the same time he wrote to the emperor constantius a remonstrance against the persecutions by which the arians had sought to crush their opponents (_ad constantium augustum liber primus_, of which the most probable date is 355). his efforts were not at first successful, for at the synod of biterrae (beziers), summoned in 356 by constantius with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding disputes, hilary was by an imperial rescript banished with rhodanus of toulouse to phrygia, in which exile he spent nearly four years. thence, however, he continued to govern his diocese; while he found leisure for the preparation of two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical theology, the _de synodis_ or _de fide orientalium_, an epistle addressed in 358 to the semi-arian bishops in gaul, germany and britain, expounding the true views (sometimes veiled in ambiguous words) of the oriental bishops on the nicene controversy, and the _de trinitate libri xii._,[2] composed in 359 and 360, in which, for the first time, a successful attempt was made to express in latin the theological subtleties elaborated in the original greek. the former of these works was not entirely approved by some members of his own party, who thought he had shown too great forbearance towards the arians; to their criticisms he replied in the _apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa_. in 359 hilary attended the convocation of bishops at seleucia in isauria, where, with the egyptian athanasians, he joined the homoiousian majority against the arianizing party headed by acacius of caesarea; thence he went to constantinople, and, in a petition (_ad constantium augustum liber secundus_) personally presented to the emperor in 360, repudiated the calumnies of his enemies and sought to vindicate his trinitarian principles. his urgent and repeated request for a public discussion with his opponents, especially with ursacius and valens, proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese, which he appears to have reached about 361, within a very short time of the accession of julian. he was occupied for two or three years in combating arianism within his diocese; but in 364, extending his efforts once more beyond gaul, he impeached auxentius, bishop of milan, and a man high in the imperial favour, as heterodox. summoned to appear before the emperor (valentinian) at milan and there maintain his charges, hilary had the mortification of hearing the supposed heretic give satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed; nor did his (doubtless sincere) denunciation of the metropolitan as a hypocrite save himself from an ignominious expulsion from milan. in 365 he published the _contra arianos vel auxentium mediolanensem liber_, in connexion with the controversy; and also (but perhaps at a somewhat earlier date) the _contra constantium augustum liber_, in which he pronounced that lately deceased emperor to have been antichrist, a rebel against god, "a tyrant whose sole object had been to make a gift to the devil of that world for which christ had suffered." hilary is sometimes regarded as the first latin christian hymn-writer, but none of the compositions assigned to him is indisputable. the later years of his life were spent in comparative quiet, devoted in part to the preparation of his expositions of the psalms (_tractatus super psalmos_), for which he was largely indebted to origen; of his _commentarius in evangelium matthaei_, a work on allegorical lines of no exegetical value; and of his no longer extant translation of origen's commentary on job. while he thus closely followed the two great alexandrians, origen and athanasius, in exegesis and christology respectively, his work shows many traces of vigorous independent thought. he died in 367; no more exact date is trustworthy. he holds the highest rank among the latin writers of his century. designated already by augustine as "the illustrious doctor of the churches," he by his works exerted an increasing influence in later centuries; and by pius ix. he was formally recognized as "universae ecclesiae doctor" at the synod of bordeaux in 1851. hilary's day in the roman calendar is the 13th of january.[3] editions.--erasmus (basel, 1523, 1526, 1528); p. coustant (benedictine, paris, 1693); migne (_patrol. lat._ ix., x.). the _tractatus de mysteriis_, ed. j. f. gamurrini (rome, 1887), and the _tractatus super psalmos_, ed. a. zingerle in the vienna _corpus scrip. eccl. lat._ xxii. translation by e. w. watson in _nicene and post-nicene fathers_, ix. literature.--the life by (venantius) fortunatus c. 550 is almost worthless. more trustworthy are the notices in jerome (_de vir. illus._ 100), sulpicius severus (_chron._ ii. 39-45) and in hilary's own writings. h. reinkens, _hilarius von poictiers_ (1864); o. bardenhewer, _patrologie_; a. harnack, _hist. of dogma_, esp. vol. iv.; f. loofs, in herzog-hauck's _realencyk._ viii. footnotes: [1] the name is derived from gr. [greek: hilaros], gay, cheerful, whence hilarious, hilarity. [2] hilary's own title was _de fide contra arianos_. it really deals less with the doctrine of the trinity than with that of the incarnation. that it is not an easy work to read is due partly to the nature of the subject, partly to the fact that it was issued in detached portions. [3] "hilary" was the name of one of the four terms of the english legal year. these terms were abolished by the judicature act, 1873, s. 26, and "sittings" substituted. it is now the name of the sitting of the supreme court of judicature which commences on the 11th of january and terminates on the wednesday before easter. in the inns of court, hilary is one of the four dining terms; it begins on the 11th of january and ends on the 1st of february. it is also the name of one of the terms at the universities of oxford (more usually "lent term") and dublin.