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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:hermagoras:1ee8392b190c",
    "title": "HERMAGORAS",
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    "verified_text": "hermagoras, of temnos, greek rhetorician of the rhodian school and teacher of oratory in rome, flourished during the first half of the 1st century b.c. he obtained a great reputation among a certain section and founded a special school, the members of which called themselves hermagorei. his chief opponent was posidonius of rhodes, who is said to have contended with him in argument in the presence of pompey (plutarch, _pompey_, 42). hermagoras devoted himself particularly to the branch of rhetoric known as [greek: oikonomia] (_inventio_), and is said to have invented the doctrine of the four [greek: staseis] (_status_) and to have arranged the parts of an oration differently from his predecessors. cicero held an unfavourable opinion of his methods, which were approved by quintilian, although he considers that hermagoras neglected the practical side of rhetoric for the theoretical. according to suidas and strabo, he was the author of [greek: technai rhetorikai] (rhetorical manuals) and of other works, which should perhaps be attributed to his younger namesake, surnamed carion, the pupil of theodorus of gadara. see strabo xiii. p. 621; cicero, _de inventione_, i. 6. 8, _brutus_, 76, 263. 78, 271; quintilian, _instit._ iii. 1. 16, 3. 9, 11. 22; c. w. piderit, _de hermagora rhetore_ (1839); g. thiele, _hermagoras ein beitrag zur geschichte der rhetorik_ (1893). hermandad (from _hermano_, lat. _germanus_, a brother), a castilian word meaning, strictly speaking, a brotherhood. in the romance language spoken on the east coast of spain in catalonia it is written _germandat_ or _germania_. in the form _germania_ it has acquired the significance of \"thieves' latin\" or \"thieves' cant,\" and is applied to any jargon supposed to be understood only by the initiated. but the typical \"germania\" is a mixture of slang and of the gipsy language. the hermandades have played a conspicuous part in the history of spain. the first recorded case of the formation of an hermandad occurred in the 12th century when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to police the pilgrim road to santiago in galicia, and protect the pilgrims against robber knights. throughout the middle ages such alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes. they acted to some extent like the fehmic courts of germany. the catholic sovereigns, ferdinand and isabella, adapted an existing hermandad to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with large powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. the hermandad became, in fact, a constabulary, which, however, fell gradually into neglect. in catalonia and valencia the \"germanias\" were combinations of the peasantry to resist the exactions of the feudal lords.",
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