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    "title": "HENNER",
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    "verified_text": "henner, jean jacques (1829-1905), french painter, was born on the 5th of march 1829 at dornach (alsace). at first a pupil of drolling and of picot, he entered the ecole des beaux-arts in 1848, and took the prix de rome with a painting of \"adam and eve finding the body of abel\" (1858). at rome he was guided by flandrin, and, among other works, painted four pictures for the gallery at colmar. he first exhibited at the salon in 1863 a \"bather asleep,\" and subsequently contributed \"chaste susanna\" (1865); \"byblis turned into a spring\" (1867); \"the magdalene\" (1878); \"portrait of m. hayem\" (1878); \"christ entombed\" (1879); \"saint jerome\" (1881); \"herodias\" (1887); \"a study\" (1891); \"christ in his shroud,\" and a \"portrait of carolus-duran\" (1896); a \"portrait of mlle fouquier\" (1897); \"the levite of the tribe of ephraim\" (1898), for which a first-class medal was awarded to him; and \"the dream\" (1900). among other professional distinctions henner also took a grand prix for painting at the paris international exhibition of 1900. he was made knight of the legion of honour in 1873, officer in 1878 and commander in 1889. in 1889 he succeeded cabanel in the institut de france. see e. bricon, _psychologie d'art_ (paris, 1900); c. phillips, _art journal_ (1888); f. wedmore, _magazine of art_ (1888). henrietta maria (1609-1666), queen of charles i. of england, born on the 25th of november 1609, was the daughter of henry iv. of france. when the first serious overtures for her hand were made on behalf of charles, prince of wales, in the spring of 1624, she was little more than fourteen years of age. her brother, louis xiii., only consented to the marriage on the condition that the english roman catholics were relieved from the operation of the penal laws. when therefore she set out for her new home in june 1625, she had already pledged the husband to whom she had been married by proxy on the 1st of may to a course of action which was certain to bring unpopularity on him as well as upon herself. that husband was now king of england. the early years of the married life of charles i. were most unhappy. he soon found an excuse for breaking his promise to relieve the english catholics. his young wife was deeply offended by treatment which she naturally regarded as unhandsome. the favourite buckingham stirred the flames of his master's discontent. charles in vain strove to reduce her to tame submission. after the assassination of buckingham in 1628 the barrier between the married pair was broken down, and the bond of affection which from that moment united them was never loosened. the children of the marriage were charles ii. (b. 1630), mary, princess of orange (b. 1631), james ii (b. 1633), elizabeth (b. 1636) henry, duke of gloucester (b. 1640), and henrietta, duchess at orleans (b. 1644). for some years henrietta maria's chief interests lay in her young family, and in the amusements of a gay and brilliant court. she loved to be present at dramatic entertainments, and her participation in the private rehearsals of the _shepherd's pastoral_, written by her favourite walter montague, probably drew down upon her the savage attack of prynne. with political matters she hardly meddled as yet. even her co-religionists found little aid from her till the summer of 1637. she had then recently opened a diplomatic communication with the see of rome. she appointed an agent to reside at rome, and a papal agent, a scotsman named george conn, accredited to her, was soon engaged in effecting conversions amongst the english gentry and nobility. henrietta maria was well pleased to become a patroness of so holy a work, especially as she was not asked to take any personal trouble in the matter. protestant england took alarm at the proceedings of a queen who associated herself so closely with the doings of \"the grim wolf with privy paw.\" when the scottish troubles broke out, she raised money from her fellow-catholics to support the king's army on the borders in 1639. during the session of the short parliament in the spring of 1640, the queen urged the king to oppose himself to the house of commons in defence of the catholics. when the long parliament met, the catholics were believed to be the authors and agents of every arbitrary scheme which was supposed to have entered into the plans of strafford or laud. before the long parliament had sat for two months, the queen was urging upon the pope the duty of lending money to enable her to restore her husband's authority. she threw herself heart and soul into the schemes for rescuing strafford and coercing the parliament. the army plot, the scheme for using scotland against england, and the attempt upon the five members were the fruits of her political activity. in the next year the queen effected her passage to the continent. in february 1643 she landed at burlington quay, placed herself at the head of a force of loyalists, and marched through england to join the king near oxford. after little more than a year's residence there, on the 3rd of april 1644, she left her husband, to see his face no more. henrietta maria found a refuge in france. richelieu was dead, and anne of austria was compassionate. as long as her husband was alive the queen never ceased to encourage him to resistance. during her exile in france she had much to suffer. her husband's execution in 1649 was a terrible blow. she brought up her youngest child henrietta in her own faith, but her efforts to induce her youngest son, the duke of gloucester, to take the same course only produced discomfort in the exiled family. the story of her marriage with her attached servant lord jermyn needs more confirmation than it has yet received to be accepted, but all the information which has reached us of her relations with her children points to the estrangement which had grown up between them. when after the restoration she returned to england, she found that she had no place in the new world. she received from parliament a grant of l30,000 a year in compensation for the loss of her dower-lands, and the king added a similar sum as a pension from himself. in january 1661 she returned to france to be present at the marriage of her daughter henrietta to the duke of orleans. in july 1662 she set out again for england, and took up her residence once more at somerset house. her health failed her, and on the 24th of june 1665, she departed in search of the clearer air of her native country. she died on the 31st of august 1666, at colombes, not far from paris. see i. a. taylor, _the life of queen henrietta maria_ (1905). henry (fr. _henri_; span. _enrique_; ger. _heinrich_; mid. h. ger. _heinrich_ and _heimrich_; o.h.g. _haimi-_ or _heimirih_, i.e. \"prince, or chief of the house,\" from o.h.g. _heim_, the eng. _home_, and _rih_, goth. _reiks_; compare lat. _rex_ \"king\"--\"rich,\" therefore \"mighty,\" and so \"a ruler.\" compare sans. _radsh_ \"to shine forth, rule, &c.\" and mod. _raj_ \"rule\" and _raja_, \"king\"), the name of many european sovereigns, the more important of whom are noticed below in the following order: (1) emperors and german kings; (2) kings of england; (3) other kings in the alphabetical order of their states; (4) other reigning princes in the same order; (5) non-reigning princes; (6) bishops, nobles, chroniclers, &c. henry i. (c. 876-936), surnamed the \"fowler,\" german king, son of otto the illustrious, duke of saxony, grew to manhood amid the disorders which witnessed to the decay of the carolingian empire, and in early life shared in various campaigns for the defence of saxony. he married hatburg, a daughter of irwin, count of merseburg, but as she had taken the veil on the death of a former husband this union was declared illegal by the church, and in 909 he married matilda, daughter of a saxon count named thiederich, and a reputed descendant of the hero widukind. on his father's death in 912 he became duke of saxony, which he ruled with considerable success, defending it from the attacks of the slavs and resisting the claims of the german king conrad i. (see saxony). he afterwards won the esteem of conrad to such an extent that in 918 the king advised the nobles to make the saxon duke his successor. after conrad's death the franks and the saxons met at fritzlar in may 919 and chose henry as german king, after which the new king refused to allow his election to be sanctioned by the church. his authority, save in saxony, was merely nominal; but by negotiation rather than by warfare he secured a recognition of his sovereignty from the bavarians and the swabians. a struggle soon took place between henry and charles iii., the simple, king of france, for the possession of lorraine. in 921 charles recognized henry as king of the east franks, and when in 923 the french king was taken prisoner by herbert, count of vermandois, lorraine came under henry's authority, and giselbert, who married his daughter gerberga, was recognized as duke. turning his attention to the east, henry reduced various slavonic tribes to subjection, took brennibor, the modern brandenburg, from the hevelli, and secured both banks of the elbe for saxony. in 923 he had bought a truce for ten years with the hungarians, by a promise of tribute, but on its expiration he gained a great victory over these formidable foes in march 933. the danes were defeated, and territory as far as the eider secured for germany; and the king sought further to extend his influence by entering into relations with the kings of england, france and burgundy. he is said to have been contemplating a journey to rome, when he died at memleben on the 2nd of july 936, and was buried at quedlinburg. by his first wife, hatburg, he left a son, thankmar, who was excluded from the succession as illegitimate; and by matilda he left three sons, the eldest of whom, otto (afterwards the emperor otto the great), succeeded him, and two daughters. henry was a successful ruler, probably because he was careful to undertake only such enterprises as he was able to carry through. laying more stress on his position as duke of saxony than king of germany, he conferred great benefits on his duchy. the founder of her town life and the creator of her army, he ruled in harmony with her nobles and secured her frontiers from attack. the story that he received the surname of \"fowler\" because the nobles, sent to inform him of his election to the throne, found him engaged in laying snares for the birds, appears to be mythical. see widukind of corvei, _res gestae saxonicae_, edited by g. waitz in the _monumenta germaniae historica. scriptores_, band iii. (hanover and berlin, 1826 seq.); \"die urkunde des deutschen konigs heinrichs i.,\" edited by t. von sickel in the _monumenta germaniae historica. diplomata_ (hanover, 1879); w. von giesebrecht, _geschichte der deutschen kaiserzeit_, bande i., ii. (leipzig, 1881); g. waitz, _jahrbucher des deutschen reichs unter konig heinrich i._ (leipzig, 1885); and f. loher, _die deutsche politik konig heinrich i._ (munich, 1857). henry ii. (973-1024), surnamed the \"saint,\" roman emperor, son of henry",
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