HELIOPOLIS

heliopolis, one of the most ancient cities of egypt, met with in the bible under its native name on. it stood 5 m. e. of the nile at the apex of the delta. it was the principal seat of sun-worship, and in historic times its importance was entirely religious. there appear to have been two forms of the sun-god at heliopolis in the new kingdom--namely, ra-harakht, or re'-harmakhis, falcon-headed, and etom, human-headed; the former was the sun in his mid-day strength, the latter the evening sun. a sacred bull was worshipped here under the name mnevis (eg. _mreu_), and was especially connected with etom. the sun-god re' (see egypt: _religion_) was especially the royal god, the ancestor of all the pharaohs, who therefore held the temple of heliopolis in great honour. each dynasty might give the first place to the god of its residence--ptah of memphis, ammon of thebes, neith of sais, bubastis of bubastis, but all alike honoured re'. his temple became in a special degree a depository for royal records, and herodotus states that the priests of heliopolis were the best informed in matters of history of all the egyptians. the schools of philosophy and astronomy are said to have been frequented by plato and other greek philosophers; strabo, however, found them deserted, and the town itself almost uninhabited, although priests were still there, and cicerones for the curious traveller. the ptolemies probably took little interest in their "father" re', and alexandria had eclipsed the learning of heliopolis; thus with the withdrawal of royal favour heliopolis quickly dwindled, and the students of native lore deserted it for other temples supported by a wealthy population of pious citizens. in roman times obelisks were taken from its temples to adorn the northern cities of the delta, and even across the mediterranean to rome. finally the growth of fostat and cairo, only 6 m. to the s.w., caused the ruins to be ransacked for building materials. the site was known to the arabs as _'ayin esh shems_, "the fountain of the sun," more recently as tel hisn. it has now been brought for the most part under cultivation, but the ancient city walls of crude brick are to be seen in the fields on all sides, and the position of the great temple is marked by an obelisk still standing (the earliest known, being one of a pair set up by senwosri i., the second king of the twelfth dynasty) and a few granite blocks bearing the name of rameses ii. see strabo xvii. cap. 1. 27-28; baedeker's _egypt_. (f. ll. g.) heliostat (from gr. [greek: helios], the sun, [greek: statos], fixed, set up), an instrument which will reflect the rays of the sun in a fixed direction notwithstanding the motion of the sun. the optical apparatus generally consists of a mirror mounted on an axis parallel to the axis of the earth, and rotated with the same angular velocity as the sun. this construction assumes that the sun describes daily a small circle about the pole of the celestial sphere, and ignores any diurnal variation in the declination. this variation is, however, so small that it can be neglected for most purposes. [illustration: fig. 1.] [illustration: fig. 2.] [illustration: from jamin and bouty, _cours de physique_, gauthier-villars. fig. 3.--silbermann's heliostat.] many forms of heliostats have been devised, the earliest having been described by wilhelm jacob s' gravesande in the 3rd edition of his _physices elementa_ (1742). one of the simplest consists of a plane mirror rigidly connected with a revolving axis so that the angle between the normal to the mirror and the axis of the instrument equals half the sun's polar distance, the mirror being adjusted so that the normal has the same right ascension as the sun. it is easily seen that if the mirror be rotated at the same angular velocity as the sun the right ascensions will remain equal throughout the day, and therefore this device reflects the rays in the direction of the earth's axis; a second fixed mirror reflects them in any other fixed direction. foucault's heliostat reflects the rays horizontally in any required direction. the principle of the apparatus may be explained by reference to fig. 1. the axis of rotation ab bears a rigidly attached rod dbc inclined to it at an angle equal to the sun's polar distance. by adjusting the right ascension of the plane abc and rotating the axis with the angular velocity of the sun, it follows that bc will be the direction of the solar rays throughout the day. x is the mirror rotating about the point e, and placed so that (if eb is the horizontal direction in which the rays are to be reflected) (1) the normal ce to the mirror is jointed to bc at c and is equal in length to be, (2) the rod dbc passes through a slot in a rod ed fixed to, and in the plane of, the mirror. since ce equals be these directions are equally inclined to, and coplanar with, the normal to the mirror. hence light incident along the direction bc will be reflected along ce. silbermann's heliostat reflects the rays in any direction. the principle may be explained by means of fig. 2. ab is the axis of rotation, bc an adjustable rod as in foucault's construction, and bd is another rod which can be set to the direction in which the rays are to be reflected. the rods bc and db carry two small rods ef, gf jointed at f; at this joint there is a pin which slides in a slot on the rod bh, which is normal to the mirror x. the rods ef, gf are such that befg is a rhombus. it is easy to show that rays falling on the mirror in the direction bc will be reflected along bd. one construction of the instrument, described in jamin's _cours de physique_, is shown in fig. 3. the mirror mm is attached to the framework _pafe_, the members of which are parallel to the incident and reflected rays so, or, and the diagonal pf is perpendicular to the mirror. the framework is attached to two independent circular arcs cs and rr' having their centres at o and provided with clamps d and a on the axis f of the instrument. the arc cs is graduated, and is set so that the angle cod equals the complement of the sun's declination. this can be effected (after setting the axis) by rotating cs until a needle indicates true time on the hour dial b. the arc rr' is set so as to reflect the rays in the required direction. the axis f of the instrument is set at an angle equal to the latitude of the place of observation and in the meridian by means of the screw k, and rotated by clockwork contained in the barrel h. the setting in the meridian is effected by turning the instrument after setting for latitude until a pin-hole aperture s and a small screen p, placed so that ps is parallel to co, are in a line with the sun. many other forms of heliostats have been designed, the chief difference consisting in the mechanical devices for maintaining the constant direction of the reflecting ray. one of the most important applications of the heliostat is as an adjunct to the newer forms of horizontal telescopes (q.v.) and in conjunction with spectroscopic telescopes in observations of eclipses.