HAWICK

hawick, a municipal and police burgh of roxburghshire, scotland. pop. (1891), 19,204; (1901), 17,303. it is situated at the confluence of the slitrig (which flows through the town) with the teviot, 10 m. s.w. of jedburgh by road and 52(3/4) m. s.e. of edinburgh by the north british railway. the name has been derived from the o. eng. _heaih-wic_, "the village on the flat meadow," or _haga-wic_, "the fenced-in dwelling," the gadeni being supposed to have had a settlement at this spot. hawick is a substantial and flourishing town, the prosperity of which dates from the beginning of the 19th century, its enterprise having won for it the designation of "the glasgow of the borders." the municipal buildings, which contain the free library and reading-room, stand on the site of the old town hall. the buccleuch memorial hall, commemorating the 5th duke of buccleuch, contains the science and art institute and a museum rich in exhibits illustrating border history. the academy furnishes both secondary and technical education. the only church of historical interest is that of st mary's, the third of the name, built in 1763. the first church, believed to have been founded by st cuthbert (d. 687), was succeeded by one dedicated in 1214, which was the scene of the seizure of sir alexander ramsay of dalhousie in 1342 by sir william douglas. the modern episcopal church of st cuthbert was designed by sir gilbert scott. the moat or moot hill at the south end of the town--an earthen mound 30 ft. high and 300 ft. in circumference--is conjectured to have been the place where formerly the court of the manor met; though some authorities think it was a primitive form of fortification. the baron's tower, founded in 1155 by the lovels, lords of branxholm and hawick, and afterwards the residence of the douglases of drumlanrig, is said to have been the only building that was not burned down during the raid of thomas radcliffe, 3rd earl of sussex, in april 1570. at a later date it was the abode of anne, duchess of buccleuch and monmouth, after the execution of her husband, james, duke of monmouth in 1585, and finally became the tower hotel. bridges across the teviot connect hawick with the suburb of wilton, in which a public park has been laid out, and st leonard's park and race-course are situated on the common, 2 m. s.w. the town is governed by a provost, bailies and council, and unites with selkirk and galashiels (together known as the border burghs) to send a member to parliament. the leading industries are the manufacture of hosiery, established in 1771, and woollens, dating from 1830, including blankets, shepherd's plaiding and tweeds. there are, besides, tanneries, dye works, oil-works, saw-mills, iron-founding and engineering works, quarries and nursery gardens. the markets for live stock and grain are also important. in 1537 hawick received from sir james douglas of drumlanrig a charter which was confirmed by the infant queen mary in 1545, and remained in force until 1861, when the corporation was reconstituted by act of parliament. owing to its situation hawick was often imperilled by border warfare and marauding freebooters. sir robert umfraville (d. 1436), governor of berwick, burned it about 1417, and in 1562 the regent moray had to suppress the lawless with a strong hand. neither of the jacobite risings aroused enthusiasm. in 1715 the discontented highlanders mutinied on the common, 500 of them abandoning their cause, and in 1745 prince charles edward's cavalry passed southward through the town. in 1514, the year after the battle of flodden, in which the burghers had suffered severely, a number of young men surprised an english force at hornshole, a spot on the teviot 2 m. below the town, routed them and bore away their flag. this event is celebrated every june in the ceremony of "riding the common"--in which a facsimile of the captured pennon is carried in procession to the accompaniment of a chorus "teribus, ye teri odin," supposed to be an invocation to thor and odin--a survival of northumbrian paganism. two of the most eminent natives of the burgh were dr thomas somerville (1741-1830), the historian, and james wilson (1805-1860), founder of the _economist_ newspaper and the first financial member of the council for india. minto house, 5 m. n.e., is the seat of the earl of minto. denholm, about midway between hawick and jedburgh, was the birthplace of john leyden the poet. the cottage in which leyden was born is now the property of the edinburgh border counties association, and a monument to his memory has been erected in the centre of denholm green. cavers, nearer hawick, was once the home of a branch of the douglases, and it is said that in cavers house are still preserved the pennon that was borne before the douglas at the battle of otterburn (chevy chase), and the gauntlets that were then taken from the percy (1388). two m. s.w. of hawick is the massive peel of goldielands--the "watch-tower of branxholm," a well-preserved typical border stronghold. one mile beyond it, occupying a commanding site on the left bank of the teviot, stands branxholm castle, the branksome hall of _the lay of the last minstrel_, once owned by the lovels, but since the middle of the 15th century the property of the scotts of buccleuch, and up to 1756 the chief seat of the duke. it suffered repeatedly in english invasions and was destroyed in 1570. it was rebuilt next year, the peel, finished five years later, forming part of the modern mansion. about 3 m. w. of hawick, finely situated on high ground above harden burn, a left-hand affluent of borthwick water, is harden, the home of walter scott (1550-1629), an ancestor of the novelist. hawk (o. eng. _hafoc_ or _heafoc_, a common teutonic word, cf. dutch _havik_, ger. _habicht_; the root is _hab_-, _haf_-, to hold, cf. lat. _accipiter_, from _capere_), a word of somewhat indefinite meaning, being often used to signify all diurnal birds-of-prey which are neither vultures nor eagles, and again more exclusively for those of the remainder which are not buzzards, falcons, harriers or kites. even with this restriction it is comprehensive enough, and will include more than a hundred species, which have been arrayed in genera varying in number from a dozen to above a score, according to the fancy of the systematizer. speaking generally, hawks may be characterized by possessing comparatively short wings and long legs, a bill which begins to decurve directly from the cere (or soft bare skin that covers its base), and has the cutting edges of its maxilla (or upper mandible) sinuated[1] but never notched. to these may be added as characters, structurally perhaps of less value, but in other respects quite as important, that the sexes differ very greatly in size, that in most species the irides are yellow, deepening with age into orange or even red, and that the immature plumage is almost invariably more or less striped or mottled with heart-shaped spots beneath, while that of the adults is generally much barred, though the old males have in many instances the breast and belly quite free from markings. nearly all are of small or moderate size--the largest among them being the gos-hawk (q.v.) and its immediate allies, and the male of the smallest, _accipiter tinus_, is not bigger than a song-thrush. they are all birds of great boldness in attacking a quarry, but if foiled in the first attempts they are apt to leave the pursuit. thoroughly arboreal in their habits, they seek their prey, chiefly consisting of birds (though reptiles and small mammals are also taken), among trees or bushes, patiently waiting for a victim to shew itself, and gliding upon it when it appears to be unwary with a rapid swoop, clutching it in their talons, and bearing it away to eat it in some convenient spot. [illustration: european sparrow-hawk (male and female).] systematic ornithologists differ as to the groups into which the numerous forms known as hawks should be divided. there is at the outset a difference of opinion as to the scientific name which the largest and best known of these groups should bear--some authors terming it _nisus_, and others, who seem to have the most justice on their side, _accipiter_. in europe there are two species--first, _a. nisus_, the common sparrow-hawk, which has a wide distribution from ireland to japan, extending also to northern india, egypt and algeria, and secondly, _a. brevipes_ (by some placed in the group _micronisus_ and by others called an _astur_), which only appears in the south-east and the adjoining parts of asia minor and persia. in north america the place of the former is taken by two very distinct species, a small one, _a. fuscus_, usually known in canada and the united states as the sharp-shinned hawk, and stanley's or cooper's hawk, _a. cooperi_ (by some placed in another genus, _cooperastur_), which is larger and has not so northerly a range. in south america there are four or five more, including _a. tinus_, before mentioned as the smallest of all, while a species not much larger, _a. minullus_, together with several others of greater size, inhabits south africa. madagascar and its neighbouring islands have three or four species sufficiently distinct, and india has _a. badlus_. a good many more forms are found in south-eastern asia, in the indo-malay archipelago, and in australia three or four species, of which _a. cirrhocephalus_ most nearly represents the sparrow-hawk of europe and northern asia, while _a. radiatus_ and _a. approximans_ show some affinity to the gos-hawks (_astur_) with which they are often classed. the differences between all the forms above named and the much larger number here unnamed are such as can be only appreciated by the specialist. the so-called "sparrow-hawk" of new zealand (_hieracidea_) does not belong to this group of birds at all, and by many authors has been deemed akin to the falcons. for hawking see falconry. (a. n.) footnote: [1] in one form, _nisoides_, which on that account has been generically separated, they are said to be perfectly straight.