HARLAY DE CHAMPVALLON

harlay de champvallon, francois de (1625-1695), 5th archbishop of paris, was born in that city on the 14th of august 1625. nephew of francois de harlay, archbishop of rouen, he was presented to the abbey of jumieges immediately on leaving the college de navarre, and he was only twenty-six when he succeeded his uncle in the archiepiscopal see. he was transferred to the see of paris in 1671, he was nominated by the king for the cardinalate in 1690, and the domain of st cloud was erected into a duchy in his favour. he was commander of the order of the saint esprit and a member of the french academy. during the early part of his political career he was a firm adherent of mazarin, and is said to have helped to procure his return from exile. his private life gave rise to much scandal, but he had a great capacity for business, considerable learning, and was an eloquent and persuasive speaker. he definitely secured the favour of louis xiv. by his support of the claims of the gallican church formulated by the declaration made by the clergy in assembly on the 19th of march 1682, when bossuet accused him of truckling to the court like a valet. one of the three witnesses of the king's marriage with madame de maintenon, he was hated by her for using his influence with the king to keep the matter secret. he had a weekly audience of louis xiv. in company with pere la chaise on the affairs of the church in paris, but his influence gradually declined, and saint-simon, who bore him no good will for his harsh attitude to the jansenists, says that his friends deserted him as the royal favour waned, until at last most of his time was spent at conflans in company with the duchess of lesdiguieres, who alone was faithful to him. he urged the revocation of the edict of nantes, and showed great severity to the huguenots at dieppe, of which he was temporal and spiritual lord. he died suddenly, without having received the sacraments, on the 6th of august 1695. his funeral discourse was delivered by the pere gaillard, and mme de sevigne made on the occasion the severe comment that there were only two trifles to make this a difficult matter--his life and his death. see abbe legendre, _vita francisci de harlay_ (paris, 1720) and _eloge de harlay_ (1695); saint-simon, _memoires_ (vol. ii., ed. a. de boislisle, 1879), and numerous references in the _lettres_ of mme de sevigne. harlech (perhaps for _hardd lech_, fair slate, or _harleigh_, an anglicized variant), a town of merionethshire, wales, 38 m. from aberystwyth, and 29 from carnarvon on the cambrian railway. pop. 900. ruins of a fortress crown the rock of harlech, about half a mile from the sea. discovery of roman coins makes it probable that it was once occupied by the romans. in the 3rd century bronwen (white bosom), daughter of bran fendigaid (the blessed), is said to have stayed here, perhaps by force; and there was here a tower, called twr bronwen, and replaced about a.d. 550 by the building of maelgwyn gwynedd, prince of north wales. in the early 10th century, harlech castle was, apparently, repaired by colwyn, lord of ardudwy, founder of one of the fifteen north wales tribes, and thence called caer colwyn. the present structure dates, like many others in the principality, from edward i., perhaps even from the plans of the architect of carnarvon and conway castles, but with the retention of old portions. it is thought to have been square, each side measuring some 210 ft., with towers and turrets. glendower held it for four years. here, in 1460, margaret, wife of henry