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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:hanwell:5d07aacf7365",
    "title": "HANWELL",
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    "verified_text": "hanwell, an urban district in the brentford parliamentary division of middlesex, england, 10-1/2 m. w. of st paul's cathedral, london, on the river brent and the great western railway. pop. (1891) 6139; (1901) 10,438. it ranks as an outer residential suburb of london. the hanwell lunatic asylum of the county of london has been greatly extended since its erection 1831, and can accommodate over 2500 inmates. the extensive cemeteries of st mary abbots, kensington, and st george, hanover square, london, are here. in the churchyard of st mary's church was buried jonas hanway (d. 1786), traveller, philanthropist, and by repute, introducer of the umbrella into england. the roman catholic convalescent home for women and children was erected in 1865. before the norman period the manor of hanwell belonged to westminster abbey. haparanda (finnish _haaparanta_, \"aspen shore\"), a town of sweden in the district (_lan_) of norbotten, at the head of the gulf of bothnia. pop. (1900) 1568. it lies about 1-1/2 m. from the mouth of the torne river, on the frontier with russia (finland), opposite the town of tornea which has belonged to russia since 1809. the towns are divided by a marshy channel, formerly the bed of the torne, but the main stream is now east of the russian town. haparanda was founded in 1812, and at first bore the name of karljohannstad. it received its municipal constitution in 1842. shipbuilding is prosecuted. sea-going vessels load and unload at salmio, 7 m. from haparanda. since 1859 the town has been the seat of an important meteorological station. annual mean temperature, 32.4 deg. fahr.; february 10.5 deg.; july 58.8 deg. rainfall, 16.5 in. annually. up the torne valley (54 m.) is the hill avasaxa, whither pilgrimages were formerly made in order to stand in the light of the sun at midnight on st john's day (june 24). haplodrili (so called by lankester), often called archiannelida (hatschek), the name provisionally given to a number of interesting lowly-organized marine worms, whose affinities are very doubtful (see chaetopoda.) _polygordius_ and _protodrilus_ live in sand, but while the former moves by means of the contraction of its body-wall muscles, _protodrilus_ can progress by the action of the bands of cilia surrounding its segments, and of the longitudinal ciliated ventral groove. _saccocirrus_, which also lives in sand, and more closely resembles the polychaeta, has throughout the greater length of its body on each segment a pair of small uniramous parapodia bearing a bunch of simple setae. no other member of the group is known to have any trace of setae or parapodia at any stage of development. [illustration: fig. 1. a, _polygordius neapolitanus_. (from fraipont.) b, transverse section of _polygordius_. (from fraipont.) c, trochophore of _polygordius_. and d, later stage of the same, showing the development of the trunk. (from hatschek.) e, dorsal view of _dinophilus taeniatus_. f, male apparatus of the same (from harmer.) a, anus. ap, apical organ. c, coelom. c.o, ciliated pit. c.t, cuticle. d.v, dorsal vessel. e, eye. ep, epidermis. g.f, genital funnel. h, \"head kidney,\" with second nephridium just below it. i, intestine. l.m, longitudinal muscles. m, mouth. m.o, muscular pharyngeal organ. m.p, male pore. n, nephridium. o.m, oblique muscles. ov, ovary. p, penis. pr, prototroch. pt, prostomial tentacle. sp, sperm-sac. spd, sperm-duct. st, stomach. t, testes. tr, trunk segment. tt, telotroch. v.n, ventral nerve cord. v.v, ventral vessel.] these three genera have the following characters in common. the body is composed of a large number of segments; the prostomium bears a pair of tentacles; the nervous system consists of a brain and longitudinal ventral nerve cords closely connected with the epidermis (without distinct ganglia), widely separated in _saccocirrus_, closely approximated in _protodrilus_, fused together in _polygordius_; the coelom is well developed, the septa are distinct, and the dorsal and ventral longitudinal mesenteries are complete; the nephridia are simple, and open into the coelom. polygordius differs from _protodrilus_ and _saccocirrus_ in the absence of a distinct suboesophageal muscular pouch, and in the absence of a peculiar closed cavity in the head region, which is especially well developed in _saccocirrus_, and probably represents the specialized coelom of the first segment. moreover, in _saccocirrus_ the genital organs, present in the majority of the trunk segments, have become much complicated (fig. 2). in the female there is in every fertile segment a pair of spermathecae opening at the nephridiopores. in the male there are a right and a left protrusible penis in every genital segment, into which opens the nephridium and a sperm-sac. the wide funnels of the nephridia of this region are possibly of coelomic origin. [illustration: fig. 2.--diagram of a transverse section of _saccocirrus_ showing on the left side the organs in a genital segment of a male, and on the right side the organs in a genital segment of a female. (from goodrich.)] _dinophilus_ is a free-swimming form without tentacles, and with segmental bands of cilia (fig. 1). the parasitic _histriodritus_ (histriobdella) feeds on the eggs of the lobster. it resembles _dinophilus_ in the possession of a ventral pharyngeal pouch (which bears teeth in _histriodrilus_ only), the small number of segments, and absence of distinct septa, the absence of a vascular system, the presence of distinct ganglia on the ventral nerve cords, and of small nephridia which do not appear to open internally. _histriodrilus_ resembles _saccocirrus_ in the possession of two posterior adhesive processes, and to some extent in the structure of the complex genital organs, which, however, are restricted to a single segment. in _dinophilus_, there is also only a single pair of genital ducts behind; and in the male there are sperm-sacs and a median penis. in some species of _dinophilus_ there is pronounced sexual dimorphism (the male being small and without gut) as in the rotifera. the resemblance of _dinophilus_ to the rotifera is, however, quite superficial, and the general structure of this genus with distinct traces of segmentation, especially in the embryo, points to its close affinity, if not to _polygordius_ in particular, at all events to the annelida. that _polygordius_, _protodrilus_ and _saccocirrus_ are on the whole primitive forms, and related to each other, there can be little doubt, but their place amongst the annelida is difficult to determine. the development of _polygordius_ alone is well known, having been studied by hatschek, fraipont and others. the larva (fig. 1, c and d) is a typical but very specialized form of trochophore, provided with a branching nephridium bearing solenocytes. the trunk develops on the lower surface of the disk-like larva, which undergoes a more or less sudden metamorphosis into the young worm (fig. 1). there appears to be little either in the development or in the structure of the haplodrili to warrant the view held by hatschek and fraipont that _polygordius_ and _protodrilus_ are exceedingly primitive forms, ancestral to the whole group of seta-bearing annelids (oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea and echiuroidea). whatever may be the conclusion as to the position of _dinophilus_ and _histriodrilus_, it seems only reasonable to suppose that _polygordius_ and _protodrilus_, so far from representing a stage in the phylogeny of the annelida before setae were developed, have lost the setae, which are already in a reduced state in _saccocirrus_. authorities.--hatschek, \"studien z. entw. der anneliden,\" _arb. zool. inst. wien_, vol. i., 1878; \"protodrilus,\" ibid. vol. iii. (1881); fraipont, \"le genre polygordius,\" _fauna u. flora d. golfes v. neapel._, xiv., 1887; weldon, \"dinophilus gigas,\" _quart. journ. micr. sci._ vol. xxvii., 1886; harmer, \"dinophilus,\" _journ. mar. biol._ n.s. vol. i., 1889; schimkewitsch, \"entwickl. des _dinophilus,\" zeit. f. wiss. zool._ vol. lix., 1895; korschelt, \"uber bau u. entw. des _dinophilus,\" zeit. f. wiss. zool._ vol. xxxvii., 1882; foettinger, \"histriobdella,\" _arch. biol._ vol. v., 1884; goodrich, \"on saccocirrus,\" _quart. journ. micr. sci._ vol. xliv., 1901. (e. s. g.) haptara (lit. _conclusion_), the hebrew title given to the prophetic lessons with which the ancient synagogue service concluded. in the time of christ these prophetic lessons were already in vogue, and christ himself read the lessons and discoursed on them in the synagogues of galilee. in the modern synagogue these readings from the prophets are regularly included in the ritual of sabbaths, festivals and some other occasions. a list of the current lessons is given in the _jewish encyclopedia_, vol. vi. pp. 136-137. (i. a.)",
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