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    "title": "HAMMER-PURGSTALL",
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    "verified_text": "hammer-purgstall, joseph, freiherr von (1774-1856), austrian orientalist, was born at graz on the 9th of june 1774, the son of joseph johann von hammer, and received his early education mainly in vienna. entering the diplomatic service in 1796, he was appointed in 1799 to a position in the austrian embassy in constantinople, and in this capacity he took part in the expedition under admiral sir william sidney smith and general sir john hely hutchinson against the french. in 1807 he returned home from the east, after which he was made a privy councillor, and, on inheriting in 1835 the estates of the countess purgstall in styria, was given the title of \"freiherr.\" in 1847 he was elected president of the newly-founded academy, and he died at vienna on the 23rd of november 1856. for fifty years hammer-purgstall wrote incessantly on the most diverse subjects and published numerous texts and translations of arabic, persian and turkish authors. it was natural that a scholar who traversed so large a field should lay himself open to the criticism of specialists, and he was severely handled by friedrich christian diez (1794-1876), who, in his _unfug und betrug_ (1815), devoted to him nearly 600 pages of abuse. von hammer-purgstall did for germany the same work that sir william jones (q.v.) did for england and silvestre de sacy for france. he was, like his younger but greater english contemporary, edward william lane, with whom he came into friendly conflict on the subject of the origin of _the thousand and one nights_, an assiduous worker, and in spite of many faults did more for oriental studies than most of his critics put together. von hammer's principal work is his _geschichte des osmanischen reiches_ (10 vols., pesth, 1827-1835). another edition of this was published at pesth in 1834-1835, and it has been translated into french by j. j. hellert (1835-1843). among his other works are _constantinopolis und der bosporos_ (1822); _sur les origines russes_ (st petersburg, 1825); _geschichte der osmanischen dichtkunst_ (1836); _geschichte der goldenen horde in kiptschak_ (1840); _geschichte der chane der krim_ (1856); and an unfinished _litteraturgeschichte der araber_ (1850-1856). his _geschichte der assassinen_ (1818) has been translated into english by o. c. wood (1835). texts and translations--_eth-thaalabi_, arab. and ger. (1829); _ibn wahshiyah, history of the mongols_, arab. and eng. (1806); _el-wassaf_, pers. and ger. (1856); _esch-schebistani's rosenflor des geheimnisses_, pers. and ger. (1838); _ez-zamakhsheri, goldene halsbander_, arab. and germ. (1835); _el-ghazzali, hujjet-el-islam_, arab. and ger. (1838); _el-hamawi, das arab. hohe lied der liebe_, arab. and ger. (1854). translations of--_el-mutanebbi's poems; er-resmi's account of his embassy_ (1809); _contes inedits des 1001 nuits_ (1828). besides these and smaller works, von hammer contributed numerous essays and criticisms to the _fundgruben des orients_, which he edited; to the _journal asiatique_; and to many other learned journals; above all to the _transactions_ of the \"akademie der wissenschaften\" of vienna, of which he was mainly the founder; and he translated evliya effendi's _travels in europe_, for the english oriental translation fund. for a fuller list of his works, which amount in all to nearly 100 volumes, see _comptes rendus_ of the acad. des inscr. et des belles-lettres (1857). see also schlottman, _joseph von hammer-purgstall_ (zurich, 1857).",
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