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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:hake:e6658397e75e",
    "title": "HAKE",
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    "verified_text": "hake, thomas gordon (1800-1895), english poet, was born at leeds, of an old devonshire family, on the 10th of march 1809. his mother was a gordon of the huntly branch. he studied medicine at st george's hospital and at edinburgh and glasgow, but had given up practice for many years before his death, and had devoted himself to a literary life. in 1839 he published a prose epic _vates_, republished in ainsworth's magazine as _valdarno_, which attracted the attention of d. g. rossetti. in after years he became an intimate member of the circle of friends and followers gathered round rossetti, who so far departed from his usual custom as to review hake's poems in the _academy_ and in the _fortnightly review_. in 1871 he published _madeline_; 1872, _parables and tales_; 1883, _the serpent play_; 1890, _new day sonnets_; and in 1892 his _memoirs of eighty years_. dr hake's works had much subtlety and felicity of expression, and were warmly appreciated in a somewhat restricted literary circle. in his last published verse, the sonnets, he shows an advance in facility on the occasional harshness of his earlier work. he was given a civil list literary pension in 1893, and died on the 11th of january 1895. hake (_merluccius vulgaris_), a fish which differs from the cod in having only two dorsal fins, and one anal. it is very common on the coasts of europe and eastern north america, but its flesh is much less esteemed than that of the true _gadi_. specimens 4 ft. in length are not scarce. there are local variations in the use of \"hake\" as a name; in america the \"silver hake\" (_merluccius bilinearis_), sometimes called \"whiting,\" and \"pacific hake\" (_merluccius productus_) are also food-fishes of inferior quality. hakkas (\"guests,\" or \"strangers\"), a people of s.w. china, chiefly found in kwang-tung, fu-kien and formosa. their origin is doubtful, but there is some ground for believing that they may be a cross between the aboriginal mongolic element of northern china and the chinese proper. according to their tradition, they were in shantung and northern china as early as the 3rd century b.c. in disposition, appearance and customs they differ from the true chinese. they speak a distinct dialect. their women, who are prettier than the pure chinese, do not compress their feet, and move freely about in public. the hakkas are a most industrious people and furnish at canton nearly all the coolie labour employed by europeans. their intelligence is great, and many noted scholars have been of hakka birth. hung sin-tsuan, the leader in the taiping rebellion, was a hakka. in formosa they serve as intermediaries between the chinese and european traders and the natives. from time immemorial they seem to have been persecuted by the chinese, whom they regard as \"foreigners,\" and with whom their means of communication is usually \"pidgin english.\" the earliest persecution occurred under the \"first universal emperor\" of china, shi-hwang-ti (246-210 b.c.). from this time the hakkas appear to have become wanderers. sometimes for generations they were permitted to live unmolested, as under the han dynasty, when some of them held high official posts. during the tang dynasty (7th, 8th, and 9th centuries) they settled in the mountains of fu-kien and on the frontiers of kwang-tung. on the invasion of kublai khan, the hakkas distinguished themselves by their bravery on the chinese side. in the 14th century further persecutions drove them into kwang-tung. see \"an outline history of the hakkas,\" _china review_ (london, 1873-1874), vol. ii.; pitou, \"on the origin and history of the hakkas,\" ib.; dyer ball, _easy lessons in the hakka dialect_ (1884), _things chinese_ (london, 1893); schaub, \"proverbs in daily use among the hakkas,\" in _china review_ (london, 1894-1895), vol. xxi.; rev. j. edkins, _china's place in philology_; girard de rialle, _rev. d. anthrop._ (jan. and april, 1885); g. taylor, \"the aborigines of formosa,\" _china review_, xiv. p. 198 seq., also xvi. no. 3, \"a ramble through southern formosa.\"",
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