HADEN

haden, sir francis seymour (1818-1910), english surgeon and etcher, was born in london on the 16th of september 1818, his father, charles thomas haden, being a well-known doctor and amateur of music. he was educated at university college school and university college, london, and also studied at the sorbonne, paris, where he took his degree in 1840. he was admitted as a member of the college of surgeons in london in 1842. besides his many-sided activities in the scientific world, during a busy and distinguished career as a surgeon, he followed the art of original etching with such vigour that he became not only the foremost british exponent of that art but was the principal cause of its revival in england. by his strenuous efforts and perseverance, aided by the secretarial ability of sir w. r. drake, he founded the royal society of painter-etchers and engravers. as president he ruled the destinies of that society with a strong hand from its first beginnings in 1880. in 1843-1844, with his friends duval, le cannes and col. guibout, he had travelled in italy and made his first sketches from nature. haden attended no art school and had no art teachers, but in 1845, 1846, 1847 and 1848 he studied portfolios of prints belonging to an old second-hand dealer named love, who had a shop in bunhill row, the old quaker quarter of london. these portfolios he would carry home, and arranging the prints in chronological order, he studied the works of the great original engravers, durer, lucas van leyden and rembrandt. these studies, besides influencing his original work, led to his important monograph on the etched work of rembrandt. by lecture and book, and with the aid of the memorable exhibition at the burlington fine arts club in 1877, he endeavoured to give a just idea of rembrandt's work, separating the true from the false, and giving altogether a nobler idea of the master's mind by taking away from the list of his works many dull and unseemly plates that had long been included in the lists. his reasons are founded upon the results of a study of the master's works in chronological order, and are clearly expressed in his monograph, _the etched work of rembrandt critically reconsidered_, privately printed in 1877, and in _the etched work of rembrandt true and false_ (1895). notwithstanding all this study of the old masters of his art, haden's own plates are perhaps more individual than any artist's, and are particularly noticeable for a fine original treatment of landscape subjects, free and open in line, clear and well divided in mass, and full of a noble and dignified style of his own. even when working from a picture his personality dominates the plate, as for example in the large plate he etched after j. m. w. turner's "calais pier," which is a classical example of what interpretative work can do in black and white. of his original plates, more than 250 in number, one of the most notable was the large "breaking up of the agamemnon." an early plate, rare and most beautiful, is "thames fisherman." "mytton hall" is broad in treatment, and a fine rendering of a shady avenue of yew trees leading to an old manor-house in sunlight. "sub tegmine" was etched in greenwich park in 1859; and "early morning--richmond," full of the poetry and freshness of the hour, was done, the artist has said, actually at sunrise. one of the rarest and most beautiful of his plates is "a by-road in tipperary"; "combe bottom" is another; and "shere mill pond" (both the small study and the larger plate), "sunset in ireland," "penton hook," "grim spain" and "evening fishing, longparish," are also notable examples of his genius. a catalogue of his works was begun by sir william drake and completed by mr n. harrington (1880). during later years haden began to practise the sister art of mezzotint engraving, with a measure of the same success that he had already achieved in pure etching and in dry-point. some of his mezzotints are: "an early riser," a stag seen through the morning mists, "grayling fishing" and "a salmon pool on the spey." he also produced some remarkable drawings of trees and park-like country in charcoal. other books by haden not already mentioned are--_etudes a l'eau forte_ (paris, 1865); _about etching_ (london, 1878-1879); _the art of the painter-etcher_ (london, 1890); _the relative claims of etching and engraving to rank as fine arts and to be represented in the royal academy_ (london, 1883); _address to students of winchester school of art_ (winchester, 1888); _cremation: a pamphlet_ (london, 1875); and _the disposal of the dead, a plea for legislation_ (london, 1888). as the last two indicate, he was an ardent champion of a system of "earth to earth" burial. among numerous distinctions he received the grand prix, paris, in 1889 and 1900, and was made a member of the institut de france, academie des beaux-arts and societe des artistes francais. he was knighted in 1894, and died on the 1st of june 1910. he married in 1847 a sister of the artist j. a. m. whistler; and his elder son, francis seymour haden (b. 1850), had a distinguished career as a member of the government in natal from 1881 to 1893, being made a c.m.g. in 1890. (c. h.*) hadendoa (from beja _hada_, chief, and _endowa_, people), a nomad tribe of africans of "hamitic" origin. they inhabit that part of the eastern sudan extending from the abyssinian frontier northward nearly to suakin. they belong to the beja people, of which, with the bisharin and the ababda, they are the modern representatives. they are a pastoral people, ruled by a hereditary chief who is directly responsible to the (anglo-egyptian) sudan government. although the official capital of the hadendoa country is miktinab, the town of fillik on an affluent of the atbara is really their headquarters. a third of the total population is settled in the suakin country. osman digna, one of the best-known chiefs during the madhia, was a hadendoa, and the tribe contributed some of the fiercest of the dervish warriors in the wars of 1883-98. so determined were they in their opposition to the anglo-egyptian forces that the name hadendoa grew to be nearly synonymous with "rebel." but this was the result of egyptian misgovernment rather than religious enthusiasm; for the hadendoa are true beja, and mahommedans only in name. their elaborate hairdressing gained them the name of "fuzzy-wuzzies" among the british troops. they earned an unenviable reputation during the wars by their hideous mutilations of the dead on the battlefields. after the reconquest of the egyptian sudan (1896-98) the hadendoa accepted the new order without demur. see _anglo-egyptian sudan_, edited by count gleichen (london, 1905); sir f. r. wingate, _mahdism and the egyptian sudan_ (london, 1891); g. sergi, _africa: anthropology of the hamitic race_ (1897); a. h. keane, _ethnology of the egyptian sudan_ (1884). hadersleben (dan. _haderslev_), a town of germany, in the prussian province of schleswig-holstein, 31 m. n. from flensburg. pop. (1905) 9289. it lies in a pleasant valley on the hadersleben fjord, which is about 9 m. in length, and communicates with the little belt, and at the junction of the main line of railway from woyens with three vicinal lines. the principal buildings are the beautiful church of st mary, dating from the 13th century, the theological seminary established in 1870, the gymnasium and the hospital. the industries include iron-founding, tanning, and the manufacture of machines, tobacco and gloves. the harbour is only accessible to small vessels. hadersleben is first mentioned in 1228, and received municipal rights from duke waldemar ii. in 1292. it suffered considerably during the wars between schleswig and holstein in the 15th century. in november 1864 it passed with schleswig to prussia. two danish kings, frederick ii. and frederick iii., were born at hadersleben. see a. sach, _der ursprung der stadt hadersleben_ (hadersleben, 1892).