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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:haddingtonshire:f67dab14ff31",
    "title": "HADDINGTONSHIRE",
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    "verified_text": "haddingtonshire, or _east lothian_, a south-eastern county of scotland, bounded n. by the firth of forth, n.e. by the north sea, e., s.e. and s. by berwickshire, and s.w. and w. by edinburghshire. it covers an area of 171,011 acres, or 267 sq. m. its sea-coast measures 41 m. the bass rock and fidra isle belong to the shire, and there are numerous rocks and reefs off the shore, especially between dunbar and gullane bay. broadly speaking, the northern half of the shire slopes gently to the coast, and the southern half is hilly. several of the peaks of the lammermuirs exceed 1500 ft., and the more level tract is broken by traprain law (724) in the parish of prestonkirk, north berwick law (612), and garleton hill (590) to the north of the county town. the only important river is the tyne, which rises to the south-east of borthwick in mid-lothian, and, taking a generally north-easterly direction, reaches the sea just beyond the park of tynninghame house, after a course of 28 m., for the first 7 m. of which it belongs to its parent shire. it is noted for a very fine variety of trout, and salmon are sometimes taken below the linn at east linton. the whiteadder rises in the parish of whittingehame, but, flowing towards the south-east, leaves the shire and at last joins the tweed near berwick. there are no natural lakes, but in the parish of stenton is found pressmennan loch, an artificial sheet of water of somewhat serpentine shape, about 2 m. in length, with a width of some 400 yds., which was constructed in 1819 by damming up the ravine in which it lies. the banks are wooded and picturesque, and the water abounds with trout. _geology._--the higher ground in the south, including the lammermuir hills, is formed by shales, greywackes and grits of ordovician and silurian age; a narrow belt of the former lying on the north-western side of the latter, the strike being s.w. to n.e. the granitic mass of priestlaw and other felsitic rocks have been intruded into these strata. the lower old red sandstone has not been observed in this county, but the younger sandstones and conglomerates fill up ancient depressions in the silurian and ordovician, such as that running northward from oldhamstocks towards dunbar and the valley of lauderdale. a faulted-in tract of the same formation, about 1 m. in breadth, runs westward from dunbar to near gifford. carboniferous rocks form the remainder of the county. the calciferous sandstone series, shales, thin limestones and sandstones, is exposed on the south-eastern coast; but between gifford and north berwick and from aberlady to dunbar it is represented by a great thickness of volcanic rocks consisting of tuffs and coarse breccias in the lower beds, and of porphyritic and andesitic lavas above. these rocks are well exposed on the coast, in the garleton hills and traprain law; the latter and north berwick law are volcanic necks or vents. the carboniferous limestone series which succeeds the calciferous sandstone consists of a middle group of sandstones, shales, coals and ironstones, with a limestone group above and below. the coal-field is synclinal in structure, port seton being about the centre; it contains ten seams of coal, and the area covered by it is some 30 sq. m. glacial boulder clay lies over much of the lower ground, and ridges of gravel and sand flank the hills and form extensive sheets. traces of old raised sea-beaches are found at several points along the coast. at north berwick, tynninghame and elsewhere there are stretches of blown sand. limestone is worked at many places, and hematite was formerly obtained from the garleton hills. _climate and agriculture._--though the county is exposed to the full sweep of the east wind during march, april and may, the climate is on the whole mild and equable. the rainfall is far below the average of great britain, the mean for the year being 25 in., highest in midsummer and lowest in spring. the average temperature for the year is 47 deg. 5",
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