HACKNEY

hackney, a north-eastern metropolitan borough of london, england, bounded w. by stoke newington and islington, and s. by shoreditch, bethnal green and poplar, and extending n. and e. to the boundary of the county of london. pop. (1901), 219,272. it is a poor and populous district, in which the main thoroughfares are kingsland road, continued n. as stoke newington road and stamford hill; mare street, continued n.w. as clapton road to join stamford hill; and lea bridge road running n.e. towards walthamstow and low leyton. the borough includes the districts of clapton in the north, homerton in the east, and dalston and part of kingsland in the west. on the east lies the open flat valley of the lea, which flows in several branches, and is bordered, immediately outside the confines of the borough, by the extensive reservoirs of the east london water-works. in these low lands lie the hackney marshes (338 acres; among several so-called marshes in the lea valley), and the borough also contains part of victoria park and a number of open spaces collectively called the hackney commons, including mill fields, hackney downs, london fields, &c. the total area of open spaces exceeds 500 acres. the tower of the ancient parish church of st augustine, with the chapel of the rowe family, still stands, and is the only historic building of importance. among institutions are the german hospital, dalston, metropolitan hospital, kingsland road, and eastern fever hospital, homerton; and the hackney polytechnic institute, with which is incorporated the sir john cass institute. cass (1666-1718), a merchant of the city of london, also a member of parliament and sheriff, bequeathed l1000 for the foundation of a free school; in 1732 the bequest was increased in accordance with an unfinished codicil to his will; and the income provided from it is now about l6000, some 250 boys and girls being educated. the parliamentary borough of hackney comprises north, central and south divisions, each returning one member; and the northern division includes the metropolitan borough of stoke newington. the metropolitan borough of hackney includes part of the hornsey parliamentary division of middlesex. the borough council consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen and 60 councillors. area, 3288.9 acres. in the 13th century the name appears as _hackenaye_ or _hacquenye_, but no certain derivation is advanced. roman and other remains have been found in hackney marshes. in 1290 the bishop of london was lord of the manor, which was so held until 1550, when it was granted to thomas, lord wentworth. in 1697 it came into the hands of the tyssen family. extensive property in the parish also belonged to the priory of the knights hospitallers of st john of jerusalem at clerkenwell. from the 16th to the early 19th century there were many fine residences in hackney. the neighbourhood of hackney had at one time an evil reputation as the haunt of highwaymen. hackney (from fr. _haquenee_, lat. _equus_, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the english "hack" is simply an abbreviation), originally a riding-horse. at the present day, however, the hackney (as opposed to a thoroughbred) is bred for driving as well as riding (see horse: _breeds_). from the hiring-out of hackneys, the word came to be associated with employment for hire (so "a hack," as a general term for "drudge"), especially in combination, e.g. hackney-chair, hackney-coach, hackney-boat. the hackney-coach, a coach with four wheels and two horses, was a form of hired public conveyance (see carriage).