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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:gutsmuths:918c56cfb406",
    "title": "GUTS-MUTHS",
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    "verified_text": "guts-muths, johann christoph friedrich (1759-1839), german teacher and the principal founder of the german school system of gymnastics, was born at quedlinburg on the 9th of august 1759. he was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and at halle university; and in 1785 he went to schnepfenthal, where he taught geography and gymnastics. his method of teaching gymnastics was expounded by him in various handbooks; and it was chiefly through them that gymnastics very soon came to occupy such an important position in the school system of germany. he also did much to introduce a better method of instruction in geography. he died on the 21st of may 1839. his principal works are _gymnastik fur die jugend_ (1793); _spiele zur ubung und erholung des korpers und geistes fur die jugend_ (1796); _turnbuch_ (1817); _handbuch der geographie_ (1810); and a number of books constituting a _bibliothek fur padagogik, schulwesen, und die gesammte padagogische literatur deutschlands_. he also contributed to the _vollstandiges handbuch der neuesten erdbeschreibung_, and along with jacobi published _deutsches land und deutsches volk_, the first part, _deutsches land_, being written by him. gutta (latin for \"drop\"), an architectural term given to the small frusta of conical or cylindrical form carved below the triglyph and under the regula of the entablature of the doric order. they are sometimes known as \"trunnels,\" a corruption of \"tree-nail,\" and resemble the wooden pins which in framed timber work or in joinery are employed to fasten together the pieces of wood; these are supposed to be derived from the original timber construction of the doric temple, in which the pins, driven through the regula, secured the latter to the taenia, and, according to c. chipiez and f. a. choisy, passed through the taenia to hold the triglyphs in place. in the earliest examples of the doric order at corinth and selinus, the guttae are completely isolated from the architrave, and in temple c. at selinus the guttae are 3 or 4 in. in front of it, as if to enable the pin to be driven in more easily. in later examples they are partly attached to the architrave. similar guttae are carved under the mutules of the doric cornice, representing the pins driven through the mutules to secure the rafters. in the temples at bassae, paestum and selinus, instances have been found where the guttae had been carved separately and sunk into holes cut in the soffit of the mutules and the regula. their constant employment in the doric temples suggests that, although originally of constructive origin, they were subsequently employed as decorative features.",
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