GUMBEL

gumbel, karl wilhelm von, baron (1823-1898), german geologist, was born at dannenfels, in the palatinate of the rhine, on the 11th of february 1823, and is known chiefly by his researches on the geology of bavaria. he received a practical and scientific education in mining at munich and heidelberg, taking the degree of ph.d. at munich in 1862; and he was engaged for a time at the colliery of st ingbert and as a surveyor in that district. in 1851, when the geological survey of bavaria was instituted, gumbel was appointed chief geologist; in 1863 he was made honorary professor of geognosy and surveying at the university of munich, and in 1879, oberberg director of the bavarian mining department with which the geological survey was incorporated. his geological map of bavaria appeared in 1858, and the official memoir descriptive of the detailed work, entitled _geognostische beschreibung des konigreichs bayern_ was issued in three parts (1861, 1868 and 1879). he subsequently published his _geologie von bayern_ in 2 vols. (1884-1894), an elaborate treatise on geology, with special reference to the geology of bavaria. in the course of his long and active career he engaged in much palaeontological work: he studied the fauna of the trias, and in 1861 introduced the term rhaetic for the uppermost division of that system; he supported at first the view of the organic nature of _eozoon_ (1866 and 1876), he devoted special attention to foraminifera, and described those of the eocene strata of the northern alps (1868); he dealt also with receptaculites (1875) which he regarded as a genus belonging to the foraminifera. he died on the 18th of june 1898.