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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:grunewald:b62ebc56c449",
    "title": "GRUNEWALD",
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    "verified_text": "grunewald, mathias. the accounts which are given of this german painter, a native of aschaffenburg, are curiously contradictory. between 1518 and 1530, according to statements adopted by waagen and passavant, he was commissioned by albert of brandenburg, elector and archbishop of mainz, to produce an altarpiece for the collegiate church of st maurice and mary magdalen at halle on the saale; and he acquitted himself of this duty with such cleverness that the prelate in after years caused the picture to be rescued from the reformers and brought back to aschaffenburg. from one of the churches of that city it was taken to the pinakothek of munich in 1836. it represents st maurice and mary magdalen between four saints, and displays a style so markedly characteristic, and so like that of lucas cranach, that waagen was induced to call grunewald cranach's master. he also traced the same hand and technical execution in the great altarpieces of annaberg and heilbronn, and in various panels exhibited in the museums of mainz, darmstadt, aschaffenburg, vienna and berlin. a later race of critics, declining to accept the statements of waagen and passavant, affirm that there is no documentary evidence to connect grunewald with the pictures of halle and annaberg, and they quote sandrart and bernhard jobin of strassburg to show that grunewald is the painter of pictures of a different class. they prove that he finished before 1516 the large altarpiece of issenheim, at present in the museum of colmar, and starting from these premises they connect the artist with altdorfer and durer to the exclusion of cranach. that a native of the palatinate should have been asked to execute pictures for a church in saxony can scarcely be accounted strange, since we observe that hans baldung (grun) was entrusted with a commission of this kind. but that a painter of aschaffenburg should display the style of cranach is strange and indeed incredible, unless vouched for by first-class evidence. in this case documents are altogether wanting, whilst on the other hand it is beyond the possibility of doubt, even according to waagen, that the altarpiece of issenheim is the creation of a man whose teaching was altogether different from that of the painter of the pictures of halle and annaberg. the altarpiece of issenheim is a fine and powerful work, completed as local records show before 1516 by a swabian, whose distinguishing mark is that he followed the traditions of martin schongauer, and came under the influence of altdorfer and durer. as a work of art the altarpiece is important, being a poliptych of eleven panels, a carved central shrine covered with a double set of wings, and two side pieces containing the temptation of st anthony, the hermits anthony and paul in converse, the virgin adored by angels, the resurrection, the annunciation, the crucifixion, st sebastian, st anthony, and the marys wailing over the dead body of christ. the author of these compositions is also the painter of a series of monochromes described by sandrart in the dominican convent, and now in part in the saalhof at frankfort, and a resurrection in the museum of basel, registered in amerbach's inventory as the work of grunewald. gruter (or gruytere), jan (1560-1627), a critic and scholar of dutch parentage by his father's side and english by his mother's, was born at antwerp on the 3rd of december 1560. to avoid religious persecution his parents while he was still young came to england; and for some years he prosecuted his studies at cambridge, after which he went to leiden, where he graduated m. a. in 1586 he was appointed professor of history at wittenberg, but as he refused to subscribe the _formula concordiae_ he was unable to retain his office. from 1589 to 1592 he taught at rostock, after which he went to heidelberg, where in 1602 he was appointed librarian to the university. he died at heidelberg on the 20th of september 1627. gruter's chief works were his _inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis romani_ (2 vols., heidelberg, 1603), and _lampas, sive fax artium liberalium_ (7 vols., frankfort, 1602-1634). gruyere (ger. _greyerz_), a district in the south-eastern portion of the swiss canton of fribourg, famed for its cattle and its cheese, and the original home of the \"ranz des vaches,\" the melody by which the herdsmen call their cows home at milking time. it is composed of the middle reach (from montbovon to beyond bulle) of the sarine or saane valley, with its tributary glens of the hongrin (left), the jogne (right) and the treme (left), and is a delightful pastoral region (in 1901 it contained 17,364 cattle). it forms an administrative district of the canton of fribourg, its population in 1900 being 23,111, mainly french-speaking and romanists. from montbovon (11 m. by rail from bulle) there are mountain railways leading s.w. past les avants to montreux (14 m.), and e. up the sarine valley past chateau d'oex to saanen or gessenay (14 m.), and by a tunnel below a low pass to the simme valley and spiez on the lake of thun. the modern capital of the district is the small town of bulle [ger. _boll_], with a 13th-century castle and in 1900 3330 inhabitants, french-speaking and romanists. but the historical capital is the very picturesque little town of _gruyeres_ (which keeps its final \"s\" in order to distinguish it from the district), perched on a steep hill (s.e. of bulle) above the left bank of the sarine, and at a height of 2713 ft. above the sea-level. it is only accessible by a rough carriage road, and boasts of a very fine old castle, at the foot of which is the solitary street of the town, which in 1900 had 1389 inhabitants. the castle was the seat of the counts of the gruyere, who are first mentioned in 1073. the name is said to come from the word _gruyer_, meaning the officer of woods and forests, but the counts bore the canting arms of a crane (_grue_), which are seen all over the castle and the town. that valiant family ended (in the legitimate line) with count michel (d. 1575) whose extravagance and consequent indebtedness compelled him in 1555 to sell his domains to bern and fribourg. bern took the upper sarine valley (it still keeps saanen at its head, but in 1798 lost the pays d'en-haut to the canton du leman, which in 1803 became the canton of vaud). fribourg took the rest of the county, which it added to bulle and albeuve (taken in 1537 from the bishop of lausanne), and to the lordship of jaun in the jaun or jogne valley (bought in 1502-1504 from its lords), in order to form the present administrative district of gruyere, which is not co-extensive with the historical county of that name. see the materials collected by j. j. hisely and published in successive vols. of the _memoires et documents de la suisse romande ... introa. a l'hist._ (1851); histoire (2 vols., 1855-1857); and monuments de l'histoire (2 vols., 1867-1869); k. v. von bonstetten, _briefe uber ein schweiz. hirtenland_ (1781) (eng. trans., 1784); j. reichlen, _la gruyere illustree_ (1890), seq.; h. raemy, _la gruyere_ (1867); and _les alpes fribourgeoises_, by many authors (lausanne, 1908). (w. a. b. c.) grynaeus (or gryner), johann jakob (1540-1617), swiss protestant divine, was born on the 1st of october 1540 at bern. his father, thomas (1512-1564), was for a time professor of ancient languages at basel and bern, but afterwards became pastor of roteln in baden. he was nephew of the more eminent simon grynaeus (q.v.). johann was educated at basel, and in 1559 received an appointment as curate to his father. in 1563 he proceeded to tubingen for the purpose of completing his theological studies, and in 1565 he returned to roteln as successor to his father. here he felt compelled to abjure the lutheran doctrine of the lord's supper, and to renounce the _formula concordiae_. called in 1575 to the chair of old testament exegesis at basel, he became involved in unpleasant controversy with simon sulzer and other champions of lutheran orthodoxy; and in 1584 he was glad to accept an invitation to assist in the restoration of the university of heidelberg. returning to basel in 1586, after simon sulzer's death, as _antistes_ or superintendent of the church there and as professor of the new testament, he exerted for upwards of twenty-five years a considerable influence upon both the church and the state affairs of that community, and acquired a wide reputation as a skilful theologian of the school of ulrich zwingli. amongst other labours he helped to reorganize the gymnasium in 1588. five years before his death he became totally blind, but continued to preach and lecture till his death on the 13th of august 1617. his many works include commentaries on various books of the old and new testament, _theologica theoremata el problemata_ (1588), and a collection of patristic literature entitled _monumenta s. patrum orthodoxographa_ (2 vols., fol., 1569).",
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