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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:groen van prinsterer:e7d225d2712b",
    "title": "GROEN VAN PRINSTERER",
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    "verified_text": "groen van prinsterer, guillaume (1801-1876), dutch politician and historian, was born at voorburg, near the hague, on the 21st of august 1801. he studied at leiden university, and graduated in 1823 both as doctor of literature and ll.d. from 1829 to 1833 he acted as secretary to king william i. of holland, afterwards took a prominent part in dutch home politics, and gradually became the leader of the so-called anti-revolutionary party, both in the second chamber, of which he was for many years a member, and outside. in groen the doctrines of guizot and stahl found an eloquent exponent. they permeate his controversial and political writings and historical studies, of which his _handbook of dutch history_ (in dutch) and _maurice et barnevelt_ (in french, 1875, a criticism of motley's _life of van olden-barnevelt_) are the principal. groen was violently opposed to thorbecke, whose principles he denounced as ungodly and revolutionary. although he lived to see these principles triumph, he never ceased to oppose them until his death, which occurred at the hague on the 19th of may 1876. he is best known as the editor of the _archives et correspondance de la maison d'orange_ (12 vols., 1835-1845), a great work of patient erudition, which procured for him the title of the \"dutch _gachard_.\" j. l. motley acknowledges his indebtedness to groen's archives in the preface to his _rise of the dutch republic_, at a time when the american historian had not yet made the acquaintance of king william's archivist, and also bore emphatic testimony to groen's worth as a writer of history in the correspondence published after his death. at the first reception, in 1858, of motley at the royal palace at the hague, the king presented him with a copy of groen's _archives_ as a token of appreciation and admiration of the work done by the \"worthy vindicator of william i., prince of orange.\" this copy, bearing the king's autograph inscription, afterwards came into the possession of sir william vernon harcourt, motley's son-in-law. groin. (1) an obsolete word for the grunting of swine, from lat. _grunnire_, and so applied to the snout of a pig; it is probably the origin of the word, more commonly spelled \"groyne,\" for a small timber framework or wall of masonry used on sea coasts as a breakwater to prevent the encroachment of sand and shingle. (2) (of uncertain origin; from an older form _grynde_ or _grinde_; the derivation from \"grain,\" an obsolete word meaning \"fork,\" cannot, according to the _new english dictionary_, be accepted), in anatomy the folds or grooves formed between the lower part of the abdomen and the thighs, covering the inguinal glands, and so applied in architecture to the angle or \"arris\" formed by the intersection of two vaults crossing one another, occasionally called by workmen \"groin point.\" if the vaults are both of the same radius and height, their intersections lie in a vertical plane, in other cases they form winding curves for which it is difficult to provide centering. in early medieval vaulting this was sometimes arranged by a slight alteration in the geometrical curve of the vault, but the problem was not satisfactorily solved until the introduction of the rib which henceforth ruled the vaulting surface of the web or cell (see vault). the name \"welsh groin\" or \"underpitch\" is generally given to the vaulting surface or web where the main longitudinal vault is higher than the cross or transverse vaults; as the transverse rib (of much greater radius than that of the wall rib), projected diagonally in front of the latter, the filling-in or web has to be carried back from the transverse to the wall rib. the term \"groin centering\" is used where, in groining without ribs, the whole surface is supported by centering during the erection of the vaulting. in ribbed work the stone ribs only are supported by timber ribs during the progress of the work, any light stuff being used while filling in the spandrils. (see vault.)",
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