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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:grindelwald:3fef5eba94cb",
    "title": "GRINDELWALD",
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    "verified_text": "grindelwald, a valley in the bernese oberland, and one of the chief resorts of tourists in switzerland. it is shut in on the south by the precipices of the wetterhorn, mettenberg and eiger, between which two famous glaciers flow down. on the north it is sheltered by the faulhorn range, while on the east the great scheidegg pass leads over to meiringen; and on the south-west the little scheidegg or wengern alp (railway 11-1/2 m. across) divides it from lauterbrunnen. the main village is connected with interlaken by a rack railway (13 m.). the valley is very green, and possesses excellent pastures, as well as fruit trees, though little corn is grown. it is watered by the black lutschine, a tributary of the aar. the height of the parish church above the sea-level is 3468 ft. the population in 1900 was 3346, practically all protestant and german-speaking, and living in 558 houses. the glacier guides are among the best in the alps. the valley was originally inhabited by the serfs of various great lords in summer for the sake of pasturage. a chapel in a cave was superseded about 1146 by a wooden church, replaced about 1180 by a stone church, which was pulled down in 1793 to erect the present building. gradually the austin canons of interlaken bought out all the other owners in the valley, but when that house was suppressed in 1528 by the town of bern the inhabitants gained their freedom. the houses near the hotel adler bear the name of gydisdorf, but there is no village of grindelwald properly speaking, though that name is usually given to the assemblage of hotels and shops between gydisdorf and the railway station. grindelwald is now very much frequented by visitors in winter. see w. a. b. coolidge, _walks and excursions in the valley of grindelwald_ (also in french and german) (grindelwald, 1900); emmanuel friedli, _barndutsch als spiegel bernischen volkstums_, vol. ii. (grindelwald, bern, 1908); e. f. von mulinen, _beitrage zur heimatkunde des kantons bern, deutschen teils_, vol. i. (bern, 1879), pp. 24-26; g. strasser, _der gletschermann_ (grindelwald, 1888-1890). scattered notices may be found in the edition (london, 1899) of the \"general introduction\" (entitled \"hints and notes for travellers in the alps\") to john ball's _alpine guide_. (w. a. b. c.) gringoire (or gringore), pierre (c. 1480-1539), french poet and dramatist, was born about the year 1480, probably at caen. in his first work, _le chasteau de labour_ (1499), a didactic poem in praise of diligence, he narrates the troubles following on marriage. a young couple are visited by care, need, discomfort, &c.; and other personages common to medieval allegories take part in the action. in november 1501 gringoire was in paris directing the production of a mystery play in honour of the archduke philip of austria, and in subsequent years he received many similar commissions. the fraternity of the _enfans sans souci_ advanced him to the dignity of _mere sotte_ and afterwards to the highest honour of the gild, that of _prince des sots_. for twenty years gringoire seems to have been at the head of this illustrious confrerie. as _prince des sots_ he exercised an extraordinary influence. at no time was the stage, rude and coarse as it was, more popular as a true exponent of the popular mind. gringoire's success lay in the fact that he followed, but did not attempt to lead; on his stage the people saw exhibited their passions, their judgments of the moment, their jealousies, their hatreds and their ambitions. brotherhoods of the kind existed all over france. in paris there were the _enfans sans souci_, the _basochiens_, the _confrerie de la passion_ and the _souverain empire de galilee_; at dijon there were the _mere folle_ and her family; in flanders the _societe des arbaletriers_ played comedies; at rouen the _cornards_ or _conards_ yielded to none in vigour and fearlessness of satire. on shrove tuesday 1512 gringoire, who was the accredited defender of the policy of louis xii., and had already written many political poems, represented the _jeu du prince des sots et mere sotte_. it was at the moment when the french dispute with julius ii. was at its height. _mere sotte_ was disguised as the church, and disputed the question of the temporal power with the prince. the political meaning was even more thinly veiled in the second part of the entertainment, a morality named _l'homme obstine_, the principal personage representing the pope. the performance concluded with a farce. gringoire adopted for his device on the frontispiece of this trilogy, _tout par raison_, _raison par tout_, _par tout raison_. he has been called the _aristophane des halles_. in one respect at least he resembles aristophanes. he is serious in his merriment; there is purpose behind his extravagances. the church was further attacked in a poem printed about 1510, _la chasse du cerf des cerfs_ (_serf des serfs_, i.e. _servus servorum_), under which title that of the pope is thinly veiled. about 1514 he wrote his mystery of the _vie de monseigneur saint-louis par personnages_ in nine books for the _confrerie_ of the masons and carpenters. he became in 1518 herald at the court of lorraine, with the title of vaudemont, and married catherine roger, a lady of gentle birth. during the last twenty years of a long life he became orthodox, and dedicated a _blason des heretiques_ to the duke of lorraine. there is no record of the payment of his salary as a herald after christmas 1538, so that he died probably in 1539. his works were edited by c. d'hericault and a. de montaiglon for the _bibliotheque elzevirienne_ in 1858. this edition was incomplete, and was supplemented by a second volume in 1877 by montaiglon and m. james de rothschild. these volumes include the works already mentioned, except _le chasteau de labour_, and in addition, _les folles entreprises_ (1505), a collection of didactic and satirical poems, chiefly ballades and rondeaux, one section of which is devoted to the exposition of the tyranny of the nobles, and another to the vices of the clergy; _l'entreprise de venise_ (c. 1509), a poem in seven-lined stanzas, giving a list of the venetian fortresses which belonged, according to gringoire, to other powers; _l'espoir de paix_ (1st ed. not dated; another, 1510), a verse treatise on the deeds of \"certain popes of rome,\" dedicated to louis xii.; and _la coqueluche_ (1510), a verse description of an epidemic, apparently influenza. for details of his other satires, _les abus du monde_ (1509), _complainte de trop tard marie, les fantasies du monde qui regne_; of his religious verse, _chants royaux_ (on the passion, 1527), _heures de notre dame_ (1525); and a collection of tales in prose and verse, taken from the _gesta romanorum_, entitled _les fantasies de mere sotte_ (1516), see g. brunet, _manuel du libraire_ (_s.v._ gringore). most of gringoire's works conclude with an acrostic giving the name of the author. the _chasteau de labour_ was translated into english by alexander barclay and printed by wynkyn de worde in 1506. barclay's translation was edited (1905) with his original for the roxburghe club by mr a. w. pollard, who provided an account of gringoire, and a bibliography of the book. see also, for the _jeu du prince des sots_, petit de julleville, _la comedie et les moeurs en france au moyen age_, pp. 151-168 (paris, 1886); for _saint louis_, the same author's _les mysteres_, i. 331 et seq., ii. 583-597 (1880), with further bibliographical references; and e. picot, _gringore et les comediens italiens_ (1877). the real gringoire cannot be said to have many points of resemblance with the poet described in victor hugo's _notre-dame de paris_, nor is there more foundation in fact for the one-act prose comedy of theodore de banville.",
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