GRAUN

graun, carl heinrich (1701-1759), german musical composer, the youngest of three brothers, all more or less musical, was born on the 7th of may 1701 at wahrenbruck in saxony. his father held a small government post and he gave his children a careful education. graun's beautiful soprano voice secured him an appointment in the choir at dresden. at an early age he composed a number of sacred cantatas and other pieces for the church service. he completed his studies under johann christoph schmidt (1664-1728), and profited much by the italian operas which were performed at dresden under the composer lotti. after his voice had changed to a tenor, he made his debut at the opera of brunswick, in a work by schurmann, an inferior composer of the day; but not being satisfied with the arias assigned him he re-wrote them, so much to the satisfaction of the court that he was commissioned to write an opera for the next season. this work, _polydorus_ (1726), and five other operas written for brunswick, spread his fame all over germany. other works, mostly of a sacred character, including two settings of the _passion_, also belong to the brunswick period. frederick the great, at that time crown prince of prussia, heard the singer in brunswick in 1735, and immediately engaged him for his private chapel at rheinsberg. there graun remained for five years, and wrote a number of cantatas, mostly to words written by frederick himself in french, and translated into italian by boltarelli. on his accession to the throne in 1740, frederick sent graun to italy to engage singers for a new opera to be established at berlin. graun remained a year on his travels, earning universal applause as a singer in the chief cities of italy. after his return to berlin he was appointed conductor of the royal orchestra (_kapellmeister_) with a salary of 2000 thalers (l300). in this capacity he wrote twenty-eight operas, all to italian words, of which the last, _merope_ (1756), is perhaps the most perfect. it is probable that graun was subjected to considerable humiliation from the arbitrary caprices of his royal master, who was never tired of praising the operas of hasse and abusing those of his _kapellmeister_. in his oratorio _the death of jesus_ graun shows his skill as a contrapuntist, and his originality of melodious invention. in the italian operas he imitates the florid style of his time, but even in these the recitatives occasionally show considerable dramatic power. graun died on the 8th of august 1759, at berlin, in the same house in which, thirty-two years later, meyerbeer was born. gravamen. (from lat. _gravare_, to weigh down; _gravis_, heavy), a complaint or grievance, the ground of a legal action, and particularly the more serious part of a charge against an accused person. in english the term is used chiefly in ecclesiastical cases, being the technical designation of a memorial presented from the lower to the upper house of convocation, setting forth grievances to be redressed, or calling attention to breaches in church discipline. grave. (1) (from a common teutonic verb, meaning "to dig"; in o. eng. _grafan_; cf. dutch _graven_, ger. _graben_), a place dug out of the earth in which a dead body is laid for burial, and hence any place of burial, not necessarily an excavation (see funeral rites and burial). the verb "to grave," meaning properly to dig, is particularly used of the making of incisions in a hard surface (see engraving). (2) a title, now obsolete, of a local administrative official for a township in certain parts of yorkshire and lincolnshire; it also sometimes appears in the form "grieve," which in scotland and northumberland is used for sheriff (q.v.), and also for a bailiff or under-steward. the origin of the word is obscure, but it is probably connected with the german _graf_, count, and thus appears as the second part of many teutonic titles, such as landgrave, burgrave and margrave. "grieve," on the other hand, seems to be the northern representative of o.e. _gerefa_, reeve; cf. "sheriff" and "count." (3) (from the lat. _gravis_, heavy), weighty, serious, particularly with the idea of dangerous, as applied to diseases and the like, of character or temperament as opposed to gay. it is also applied to sound, low or deep, and is thus opposed to "acute." in music the term is adopted from the french and italian, and applied to a movement which is solemn or slow. (4) to clean a ship's bottom in a specially constructed dock, called a "graving dock." the origin of the word is obscure; according to the _new english dictionary_ there is no foundation for the connexion with "greaves" or "graves," the refuse of tallow, in candle or soap-making, supposed to be used in "graving" a ship. it may be connected with an o. fr. _grave_, mod. _greve_, shore.