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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:grahame:e0b677821291",
    "title": "GRAHAME",
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    "verified_text": "grahame, james (1765-1811), scottish poet, was born in glasgow on the 22nd of april 1765, the son of a successful lawyer. after completing his literary course at glasgow university, grahame went in 1784 to edinburgh, where he qualified as writer to the signet, and subsequently for the scottish bar, of which he was elected a member in 1795. but his preferences had always been for the church, and when he was forty-four he took anglican orders, and became a curate first at shipton, gloucestershire, and then at sedgefield, durham. his works include a dramatic poem, _mary queen of scots_ (1801), _the sabbath_ (1804), _british georgics_ (1804), _the birds of scotland_ (1806), and _poems on the abolition of the slave trade_ (1810). his principal work, _the sabbath_, a sacred and descriptive poem in blank verse, is characterized by devotional feeling and by happy delineation of scottish scenery. in the notes to his poems he expresses enlightened views on popular education, the criminal law and other public questions. he was emphatically a friend of humanity--a philanthropist as well as a poet. he died in glasgow on the 14th of september 1811. graham's dyke (or sheugh = trench), a local name for the roman fortified frontier, consisting of rampart, forts and road, which ran across the narrow isthmus of scotland from the forth to the clyde (about 36 m.), and formed from a.d. 140 till about 185 the northern frontier of roman britain. the name is locally explained as recording a victorious assault on the defences by one robert graham and his men; it has also been connected with the grampian hills and the latin surveying term _groma_. but, as is shown by its earliest recorded spelling, grymisdyke (fordun, a.d. 1385), it is the same as the term grim's ditch which occurs several times in england in connexion with early ramparts--for example, near wallingford in south oxfordshire or between berkhampstead (herts) and bradenham (bucks). grim seems to be a teutonic god or devil, who might be credited with the wish to build earthworks in unreasonably short periods of time. by antiquaries the graham's dyke is usually styled the wall of pius or the antonine vallum, after the emperor antoninus pius, in whose reign it was constructed. see further britain: _roman_. (f. j. h.)",
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